lightcraft/docs/raw-parity.md

# RAW parity: cameras, formats, demosaic, colour and lens profiles

> **Last reviewed:** 2026-10-10 · **Last updated:** 2026-11-05 · **Change:** minor (LR-PROF-IMPORT: the user's own `.dcp` camera profiles import, checked on a real D750 profile; Canon CRW decoder shared via craft-libs `craft-crw`; Canon EOS D60: chart-measured colour matrices, white balance in Kelvin; Canon CRW merged with MRW: 557 verified; CRW variant rows split by verification status; Sony ILCE-6700 in-file distortion; Minolta MRW decoded, 6 bodies verified; lossy JPEG XL DNG tiles with a non-linear declared transfer curve decode; Canon ColorData Kelvin; X-Trans CMOS 4 bodies take the X-T3's spectral matrices; AHD no longer turns flat noise into a maze pattern) · **Target:** Adobe Lightroom Classic 15.5 / Lightroom 9.6 (Camera Raw 18.7)

Raw processing is the deepest single dimension of Lightroom parity: a photographer whose camera
does not decode, or decodes with the wrong colour, cannot switch. This document measures it model by
model. The numbers feed [target-app-parity.md](target-app-parity.md); individual shortfalls are
ranked in [gaps.md](gaps.md). Details per format: [cr3.md](cr3.md),
[raf-compression.md](raf-compression.md), [sony-lens-corrections.md](sony-lens-corrections.md),
[sony-ilce7rm6-lens-corrections.md](sony-ilce7rm6-lens-corrections.md), [nikon-lens-corrections.md](nikon-lens-corrections.md),
[camera-preview-colour.md](camera-preview-colour.md), [denoise.md](denoise.md).

## Headline

| Measure | Value | Kind |
|---|---:|---|
| Adobe-listed camera models | **1,446** | measured: [raw/adobe-cameras.tsv](raw/adobe-cameras.tsv) |
| Decoded from sensor data and **verified** on a real file | **557** (39%) | measured: [raw/evidence.tsv](raw/evidence.tsv) |
| Decoder path should handle it, **unverified** | **665** (46%) | measured from the format rules (631 of them DNG, mostly phones) |
| **Preview-only** (embedded JPEG) | **187** (13%) | measured |
| **Unsupported** (not imported, refused or decodes wrongly) | **37** (3%) | measured |
| Models added since 2017 (Camera Raw 10+): verified / unverified / preview / unsupported | 182 / 542 / 22 / 8 of 754 | measured |
| **Share of photographers whose camera fully works** (decodes from sensor data), use-weighted | **~94%** | estimated: measured classes × written usage weights × per-format confidence |
| …of which on a body we have verified | **~86%** | estimated, same weights |
| Camera colour: Adobe profiles vs ours | 1,500 Adobe Standard profiles, 481 models with Camera Matching profiles vs **9 bundled profiles** + per-file fits + 52 spectral matrices (plus same-sensor aliases) + chart-measured matrices (1 model, the EOS D60) | measured (bundle listing, Adobe list, `assets/camera-profiles`) |
| Lens profiles: Adobe vs ours | **3,635 vs 0** (in-file corrections only) | measured |
| **RAW readiness** (decoding 60%, colour 25%, lens 15%) | **~60%** (range 54–64%) | estimated, see [Scores](#scores) |

Re-measure with `python3 docs/raw/coverage.py` (standard library only): it classifies every Adobe
model from the format rules in the script (which mirror `crates/raw/src`) plus the per-model evidence,
rewrites [raw/coverage.tsv](raw/coverage.tsv) and prints the tables below; `--check` fails when the
committed table is stale.

Folder discovery, desktop file pickers, CLI and MCP share
`lightcraft_engine::import::EXTENSIONS`. The list includes formats that may open only from an
embedded preview or report a decoder error; an extension is not a promise of sensor decoding.
The 2026-10-12 release CLI check of the public DSC-R1 SR2 and DSC-F828 SRF samples found the
same photos and decode status through recursive and direct import. DSC-F828 moves from
unsupported to preview-only in the counts; sensor-decoding readiness is unchanged.

## How it was measured

- **Adobe's list**: helpx "Camera Raw supported cameras" (the live page refuses scripted requests, so
  the Wayback Machine capture of 2026-10-03 was parsed): 1,446 camera rows from 40 makers after
  dropping profile-only rows; maker, model, extension(s), Camera Matching profile, minimum Camera Raw
  version. The year a model was added is approximated from that Camera Raw major version.
- **What we decode**: the decoders and their refusals in `crates/raw/src` (`lib.rs` routing, `vendor/*.rs`
  coding variants, `crx.rs` CRX limits, `orf.rs` / `srw.rs` compressed refusals), the import list
  `lightcraft_engine::import::EXTENSIONS`, and `KNOWN_UNSUPPORTED` in `crates/raw/tests/it/corpus.rs`. Doc
  claims were not used.
- **Verified** means a real file from that body decoded from sensor data in: the corpus test over the
  `RAW_SAMPLES` manifest (`xtask/src/main.rs`, 105 CC0 files; bodies whose sample is in
  `KNOWN_UNSUPPORTED` excluded), `crates/raw/tests/it/cr3_corpus.rs` (3 bodies exact against an external decoder;
  the EOS R5 Mark II pinned, with a QP-map check of 33,665 private files; 22 more bodies pinned on one CC0
  file each and checked against the camera JPEG, [cr3.md](cr3.md#further-bodies-one-cc0-file-each)), the RAF reference
  check ([raf-compression.md](raf-compression.md)), and the raw.pixls.us bulk checks recorded in issue
  #535 (all 100 Sony bodies there; 87 decode) and PR #215 (every Panasonic / Leica RW2 / RWL / RAW body
  there, 178 files from 118 bodies), and a recorded check of 38 private Leica Q3 DNGs (2026-10-11: every file
  decoded and developed at full size, 9520 × 6336 and 6336 × 9520; mean CIE76 ΔE to the camera JPEG 6.3–13.9
  at 400 px; the files are not committed). Bulk-check body lists were matched to Adobe names through the
  raw.pixls.us folder names. Checks without a body list (≈ 60 NEFs, 35 CR2 bodies for the CFA layout)
  are not counted as verified.
- **2026-10-12 public sweep:** 30 further models on 40 CC0 files, independently downloaded and
  decoded on main `25ef65c8`; [raw/coverage-sweep.tsv](raw/coverage-sweep.tsv) records the URLs,
  SHA-256, dimensions, FNV-1a sensor hashes and render/reference luminance correlations (0.6801
  to 0.9998). The hashes pin LightCraft's own output. The regression test is
  `crates/raw/tests/it/coverage_sweep_corpus.rs`; downloads are in `RAW_SAMPLES`. Ten references are
  embedded TIFF images; the rest are JPEGs. FFF TIFF previews are not display-ready and check
  image structure only. Eleven candidate models were excluded for identity, provenance or
  missing/mismatched reference images. D6 / Z 6 / Z 7 verification covers compressed NEF only;
  uncompressed remains preview-only (#671), as do Z 8 HE / HE* files. Own-matrix phone, drone
  and other DNGs can decode correctly while rendering darker than their camera JPEG (#1277).
  Verified means sensor data decoded, not colour parity.
- **Usage weights** ([raw/usage-weights.tsv](raw/usage-weights.tsv)): maker buckets from 2025 market
  data (Nikkei production: Canon ~36%, Sony ~29%, Nikon ~14%, Fujifilm ~12% of mirrorless; BCN retail:
  Sony 29.9%, Canon 27.4%, Nikon 15.1%), adjusted for the DSLR installed base and for the makers named
  in this repo's 325 user issues (Sony 33, Nikon 31, Canon 26, phones 23, Fujifilm 9, Panasonic / Leica
  8, OM / Olympus 6, Pentax / Ricoh 6). Inside each bucket, 80% goes to the popular bodies of the last
  ~8 years (listed in the file), 20% to the bucket's other Adobe models.
- **Per-format confidence** for unverified bodies (the chance their files decode correctly): DNG, CR2,
  RAF, RW2 0.95; NEF, ARW, PEF 0.9; ORF, SRW, SR2 0.8; **CR3 0.6** (the CRX decoder refuses several
  coding variants; 26 bodies are verified, every CC0 CR3 on raw.pixls.us decodes).

## By maker (measured)

| Maker | Adobe models | verified | unverified | preview | unsupported | Main reason for preview / unsupported |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---:|---:|---|
| Sony | 149 | 94 | 43 | 10 | 2 | DSLR-A200…A390 and A850 12-bit compressed ARW (preview, #535); A100 remains classified unsupported in the recorded evidence; DSC-F828 SRF imports as preview-only; DSC-V3 preview not verified |
| Canon | 134 | 101 | 25 | 6 | 2 | PowerShot G5 CRW anomaly and pre-CIFF compacts preview; EOS-1D / 1Ds TIFF raws not imported |
| Samsung | 128 | 10 | 109 | 9 | 0 | compressed SRW (NX1, NX30, NX300, NX500, NX2000, NX3000, NX3300, NX mini, Galaxy NX) |
| Apple | 113 | 4 | 109 | 0 | 0 | — (DNG / ProRAW) |
| Panasonic | 104 | 93 | 11 | 0 | 0 | — |
| Nikon | 99 | 77 | 19 | 0 | 3 | COOLPIX 5700 / 8400 / 8800 decode wrongly (two stacked half-height fields, CMYG read as RGB); HE / HE★ is a per-shot setting, preview-only |
| Fujifilm | 97 | 65 | 9 | 23 | 0 | pre-X FinePix RAF without a raw IFD (estimated split) |
| Google | 88 | 5 | 83 | 0 | 0 | — |
| Olympus | 71 | 17 | 3 | 51 | 0 | **compressed ORF** |
| Leica | 61 | 27 | 34 | 0 | 0 | — |
| Xiaomi, Oppo, LG, Huawei, OnePlus, Motorola, Nokia | 139 | 0 | 139 | 0 | 0 | — (DNG) |
| Pentax / Ricoh | 60 | 40 | 20 | 0 | 0 | — |
| Hasselblad | 34 | 7 | 2 | 25 | 0 | Hasselblad-compressed 3FR / FFF |
| Phase One / Leaf / Mamiya | 59 | 1 | 0 | 43 | 15 | IIQ, MOS preview; TIFF raws not imported (MEF decodes) |
| Casio | 26 | 0 | 26 | 0 | 0 | — (DNG) |
| DJI | 21 | 4 | 17 | 0 | 0 | DNG |
| OM Digital Solutions | 7 | 0 | 0 | 7 | 0 | **compressed ORF** |
| Kodak, Konica Minolta, Epson, Sigma, GoPro, Contax, others | 56 | 12 | 16 | 13 | 15 | DCR, GPR not imported; KDC, X3F preview (Epson ERF and Minolta MRW decode) |
| **All** | **1,446** | **557 (39%)** | **665 (46%)** | **187 (13%)** | **37 (3%)** | |

## By use (estimated)

| Bucket | Weight | Camera fully works | On a verified body | Why |
|---|---:|---:|---:|---|
| Canon | 33% | 98% | 94% | 18 of the 22 popular bodies write CR3; 26 CR3 bodies verified (raw.pixls.us has a CC0 file for each), the rest at 0.6; CRW decoded |
| Sony | 27% | 98% | 92% | bulk-checked |
| Nikon | 16% | 98% | 89% | decoders cover every NEF coding but HE; 77 bodies verified |
| Fujifilm | 10% | 94% | 92% | |
| Panasonic | 4% | 100% | 98% | bulk-checked |
| OM / Olympus | 3% | 6% | 5% | compressed ORF |
| Phones | 3% | 93% | 4% | DNG |
| Pentax / Ricoh | 1.5% | 99% | 80% | |
| Leica | 1% | 99% | 72% | the Q3 verified, 13 more bodies pinned on CC0 files |
| DJI | 1% | 96% | 19% | |
| Medium format and others | 0.5% | 29% | 8% | IIQ, 3FR, X3F |
| **Weighted** | 100% | **94%** | **86%** | |

About 19 in 20 raw photographers' cameras decode, and about 6 in 7 use a body we have actually
checked (the per-model CC0 sweeps of October 2026); compressed ORF (OM / Olympus) is the largest gap left.

## Variant matrix (depth per format)

✅ decoded and checked on real files · 🟡 decoded, partial or unverified · ⬜ preview-only or refused.

| Format | Variant | Status | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-12 | minor | Mamiya MEF decoded (`vendor/mef.rs`): ZD verified; 241 verified, 35 unsupported |
| 2026-10-12 | minor | Epson ERF decoded (`vendor/erf.rs`): R-D1, R-D1s, R-D1x verified; 240 verified, 229 preview (merged after the Leica Q3 and Hasselblad Lunar; duplicated summary rows removed) |
| CR2 | lossless JPEG slices | ✅ | 8 corpus bodies; CFA phase from `CR2CFAPattern` (#85, 35 bodies); masked-column black level; white level from the active area only (#1272: masked rows at 16383 hid the image plateau on the EOS 50D, 60D, 450D (Rebel XSi), 500D (Rebel T1i), 550D (Rebel T2i), 1200D (Rebel T5) and 100D (Rebel SL1), clipped highlights at 81–98%) |
| CR2 | sRAW / mRAW (YCbCr) | ✅ | `vendor/cr2/sraw.rs`, 31 samples from 16 models |
| CR3 | CRX lossless, version 0x100 | ✅ | M50, R100, R8 exact against a reference; R5 Mark II (odd-height planes) pinned |
| CR3 | C-RAW 0x100 (horizontal tiles), 0x200 (single 14-bit tile, adaptive QP incl. the QP-map escape) | ✅ | same 3 bodies exact; R5 Mark II pinned, QP maps of 33,665 files decode exactly, matches the camera JPEG |
| CR3 | other CRX variants (vertical tiles, partial subbands, other plane flags, 0x200 multi-tile) | ⬜ | refused in `crx.rs`, falls back to the preview; which bodies write them is unmeasured |
| CR3 | sRAW / mRAW | ⬜ | 4-plane Bayer only |
| CR3 | HEIF / HDR PQ | ⬜ | HEVC tracks recognised, not decoded |
| CR3 | dual-pixel raw | ⬜ | never substituted |
| CRW | CIFF: EOS D30/D60/10D/300D, PowerShot G1/G6 | ✅ | clean-room derivation frozen in `craft-libs crates/crw/clean-room/02-crw-format.md`; 28 of 29 files pixel-exact vs a black-box reference (8 CC0 EOS, G1, G6, 18 private D60); as-shot WB from ColorBalance; EOS D60 colour matrices measured on a ColorChecker (Kelvin white balance) |
| CRW | CIFF: PowerShot G2/G3/G4, Pro1, S-series | 🟡 | same decoder and tables; no sample file checked |
| CRW | CIFF: PowerShot G5 | ⬜ | refused (entropy anomaly, `craft-libs crates/crw/clean-room/02-crw-format.md`); preview |
| NEF | uncompressed, lossless, lossy type 1 / 2, lossy after split | ✅ | D5100, D7000, D7500, Z f corpus; ~60 NEFs by hand; #633; D4, D90, D5000, D600 and D610 image area measured against the camera JPEG (white level too for the D4, D90 and D5000) |
| NEF | packed 14-bit stored under a compressed tag (Z 6II uncompressed) | ⬜ | #769; fix in PR #671 (not merged) |
| NEF | High Efficiency / HE★ (JPEG XS) | ⬜ | named, preview (#193); needs a JPEG XS decoder |
| ARW | uncompressed, cRAW (ARW2), lossless LJ92 (L / M / S) | ✅ | 86 bodies (#535); M/S black level 1024; the Hasselblad Lunar, a NEX-7 under Make HASSELBLAD, routed by Sony's raw coding (#1275) |
| ARW | packed 12-bit (A900) | ✅ | one CC0 file; A850 unmeasured |
| ARW | ARW6 Compressed / HQ (compression 32766; ILCE-7RM6) | ✅ | 8 CC0 files; 12-bit mode unsupported; `docs/arw6-compression.md` |
| ARW | 12-bit compressed of DSLR-A200…A390 | ⬜ | preview (#535) |
| ARW | A100 ARW | ⬜ | recorded as refused (#702); not rechecked here |
| SRF | DSC-F828; DSC-V3 | ⬜ | discovered during folder import; F828 imports as preview-only, V3 has not been checked on a real file |
| ARW | ARQ pixel shift | ⬜ | no code |
| SR2 | DSC-R1 | ✅ | CC0 3221 sample; folder and direct import both decode sensor data |
| RAF | uncompressed, lossless and lossy compressed; Bayer and X-Trans; GFX 14/16-bit | ✅ | 24 files from 13 bodies exact |
| RAF | pre-X FinePix without a raw IFD | ⬜ | `raf.rs` refuses (26 Adobe models, estimated split) |
| ORF | uncompressed 16-bit, 12-bit packed, two-field 12-bit, 12.8 bpp | ✅ | E-1, E-400, XZ-2 corpus; #651 |
| ORF | **compressed** (every Olympus / OM body since ~2008) | ⬜ | `orf.rs` refuses; the E-M1 and E-M10 III corpus files are `KNOWN_UNSUPPORTED` |
| RW2 / RWL / RAW | formats 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 16-bit words | ✅ | 118 bodies (#215) |
| PEF | uncompressed, Huffman, packed 12-bit | ✅ | K10D, K-3, K-5 IIs; files without area tags lose their masked, empty and saturated border lines (#1271: KP, KF, K-3 Mark III, K-70, K-1, K-1 Mark II, K-S1, K-S2, 645Z) |
| PEF / DNG | Pentax pixel shift | ⬜ | frames not combined |
| SRW | uncompressed, 12-bit packed | ✅ | EX1 corpus; NX10, NX20 |
| SRW | compressed 32770 / 32772 / 32773 | ⬜ | refused |
| DNG | uncompressed, LJ92, lossy JPEG / Smart Preview, Deflate incl. float, LinearRaw, tiles / strips, row / column interleave | ✅ | 6 corpus DNGs; 4 ILCE-6400 JXL DNGs; 38 Leica Q3 DNGs (lossless JPEG, 14-bit, private check) |
| DNG | JPEG XL (DNG 1.7, lossless and lossy) | ✅ | synthetic bit-exact; real lossless and lossy files; lossy tiles keep their declared transfer curve (Lightroom Classic 15.1 LinearRaw DNGs label linear data with the sRGB curve); PQ / HLG tiles preview-only |
| DNG | Apple ProRAW (incl. semantic mattes) | ✅ | iPhone 12 Pro corpus; ProfileGainTableMap read but off (ΔE00 19 against Lightroom with it on) |
| DNG | phone DNGs (Pixel, Galaxy, Xiaomi…) | 🟡 | Pixel 2 XL corpus; 13 further Apple, Google and Samsung models in the pinned sweep; white-level pile-up fix #548 |
| DNG | GoPro GPR (VC-5) | ⬜ | refused |
| 3FR / FFF | DNG-like layouts | 🟡 | six Hasselblad models verified on nine files; read by `vendor::hasselblad`: an FFF has no colour matrix of its own and now takes the camera's from the original 3FR header it embeds in tag `0xC51B` (it used to develop with the neutral matrix); RGGB checked against the camera preview on the CC0 H4D-40 FFF and CFV 3FR; the embedded preview is the uncompressed 8-bit RGB image (no JPEG in these files), handed on as a baseline TIFF |
| 3FR / FFF | Hasselblad compression | ⬜ | preview |
| ERF | 12-bit in 16-byte blocks (R-D1, R-D1s, R-D1x) | ✅ | 3 CC0 corpus files; crop registered and WB measured against the embedded preview (no WB tag found); `vendor/erf.rs` |
| MRW | 12-bit packed, MSB first, or 12-bit in big-endian 16-bit words; RGGB and GBRG | ✅ | 4 CC0 corpus files (DiMAGE 7Hi, A1, A200, Dynax 7D) plus DiMAGE 7 and A2 checked against their previews; `vendor/mrw.rs` |
| IIQ, MOS, KDC, X3F | all | ⬜ | preview; an uncompressed MOS, whose IFD0 is the mosaic itself with no Make tag, is recognised by Leaf's data block `0x8606` (#1275) |
| MEF | uncompressed 12-bit (Mamiya ZD) | ✅ | 1 CC0 corpus file; crop and WB from its uncompressed RGB preview (no JPEG, no WB tag); `vendor/mef.rs` |
| DCR, MFW, DXO, GPR, TIFF raws | all | ⬜ | not imported |

### Compressed ORF: a clean-room starting point

Two Olympus patents by Takashi Ishikawa describe the *method* of lossless RAW compression in prose; neither names ORF
and neither gives the file layout. See the closed #240 and the open #360 for why a decoder has to be derived from the
files and prose rather than from dcraw-family code.

- [US7333035B2](https://patents.google.com/patent/US7333035): lossless RAW compression for SLR cameras:
  median-edge-detector prediction from the left, upper and upper-left neighbours, a separately coded sign, Golomb-Rice
  codes whose parameter `k` comes from flatness run counters, counters reset per line.
- [US7715639B2](https://patents.google.com/patent/US7715639B2/en): a sibling with predictor variants, `k` derived from
  neighbouring positions, raw low-order bits and a correction filter.

They give the algorithm's shape; constants, the bit layout and the stream header still have to be established from CC0
sample files. A pointer for contributors, not legal advice.

## Demosaic, levels, crops and lens metadata

| Stage | Target | LightCraft | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Bayer demosaic | Adobe's own, plus AI "Raw Details" | AHD (default; blends its horizontal and vertical candidates where neither is clearly more homogeneous, so flat noise doesn't become a maze), PPG, bilinear (`crates/raw/src/demosaic`) | 🟡 quality unmeasured against Lightroom; demosaics before white balance (#1328, PR #1463); no Raw Details |
| X-Trans demosaic | ✅ | in-house edge-weighted directional | 🟡 unmeasured |
| Foveon | ✅ (older bodies) | — | ⬜ |
| Monochrome / LinearRaw | ✅ | handled, no demosaic | ✅ |
| Pixel shift (Sony ARQ, Pentax, OM high-res, Nikon) | ✅ (Sony, Pentax, Nikon) | — | ⬜ |
| Black and white levels | per model, calibrated | read from each file (masked columns, maker notes, SR2SubIFD, CMP1) | 🟡 per-body bugs keep surfacing: A450–A700 SR2 black level and M/S ARW pedestal (#535, fixed); 5D Mark IV CR2 renders dark (#455, open); white-level pile-up in phone DNGs (#548, fixed); CR2 white level taken from saturated masked rows (#1272, fixed) |
| Crop masks and aspect | ✅ | DefaultCrop, Sony recorded size, Canon AspectInfo, Panasonic in-camera crops, Nikon CropArea | 🟡 7RM3 / 7RM4 crop origin 8–32 px off (cosmetic) |
| Black and white levels | per model, calibrated | read from each file (masked columns, maker notes, SR2SubIFD, CMP1) | 🟡 per-body bugs keep surfacing: A450–A700 SR2 black level and M/S ARW pedestal (#535, fixed); 5D Mark IV CR2 renders dark (#455, open); white-level pile-up in phone DNGs (#548, fixed) |
| Crop masks and aspect | ✅ | DefaultCrop, Sony recorded size, Canon AspectInfo, Panasonic in-camera crops, Nikon CropArea, measured Nikon bodies without it (D4, D90, D5000, D600, D610) | 🟡 7RM3 / 7RM4 crop origin 8–32 px off (cosmetic) |
| Lens metadata | ✅ read for profile selection | EXIF lens fields read; used only for the in-file corrections below | 🟡 |
| Highlight reconstruction | ✅ | neutral clip, chromaticity diffusion (`highlight.rs`) | 🟡 tuned by eye |
| AI denoise | ✅ Bayer and X-Trans, model bundled | Bayer only, user-installed weights, pure-Rust CPU / GPU | 🟡 no X-Trans, no shippable weights |
| Super Resolution | ✅ | — | ⬜ |
| HDR / panorama merge to raw DNG | ✅ | linear DNG (float16 HDR) with the source's colour tags | ✅ |
| Convert to DNG | ✅ | uncompressed or LJ92 tiles (`dngwrite.rs`) | ✅ (no lossy DNG) |

## Colour

| Item | Adobe | LightCraft |
|---|---|---|
| Default profile per model | Adobe Standard for every model (1,500 profile names in the bundle) | the DNG's own matrices; else a pooled profile (**10 bundled**: EOS D60, ILCA-99M2, ILCE-7CR, ILCE-7M4, ILCE-7RM5, X-H2S, X-T4, Nikon Z 6II, Z 8 and D5300); else a guarded per-file fit to the camera's embedded JPEG; else spectral matrices (**52 models**, rawtoaces-data, and the bodies sharing their sensors: 6 Fujifilm bodies take the X-T3's (X-T30, X-T30 II, X-Pro3, X100V, X-E4, X-M5) and 2 take the X-T4's (X-S10, X-S20)) or chart-measured ones (**1 model**, the EOS D60); else a neutral matrix |
| Camera Matching looks | 481 models (plus phone-maker looks) | none (the per-file JPEG fit imitates the camera's own look) |
| Creative profiles | Adobe Color, Portrait, Landscape, Vivid, Monochrome… | our own looks (Color, Neutral, Vivid, Landscape, Portrait, Monochrome) |
| DCP / dual-illuminant model | ✅ | dual-illuminant DNG colour (ColorMatrix / ForwardMatrix 1-2, CameraCalibration, AnalogBalance), HueSatMap, LookTable, ProfileToneCurve; the user's own `.dcp` files can be imported as camera profiles (`crates/raw/src/dcp.rs`), none ship with the app (clean-room); a CC0 D750 chart profile develops its charts within mean ΔE2000 3.8 / 3.4 of Lightroom with the same profile |
| White balance in Kelvin | ✅ for every model | absolute Kelvin where the camera has colour matrices (its own, one of the 52 spectral rows or the chart-measured EOS D60), also for files whose look is a per-file fit (#730), or where the camera's white-balance presets in the file give the scale (6 Sony bodies and the Canon PowerShot G1 X Mark III, `kelvin_presets`), or the neutral pair a Fujifilm X-Trans III RAF stores (6 bodies, #730); other raws keep the relative scale (#296) |

**How far the default rendering is from Adobe's** (CIE ΔE; measured where stated):

- Against the camera JPEG (what the fit targets): the Sony bulk check (#535) accepted fits on 81 of 87
  bodies, median ΔE 5.1, ΔL\* +0.2; rejected fits fall back to a neutral matrix at median ΔE 18.5,
  ΔL\* −11, chroma ×0.39. RW2 140 of 174 files accepted, median 5.0. NEF 13 of 13, 2.9–7.8. RAF 23 of
  24, pooled X-H2S 1.62 / X-T4 2.34 (measured before `LOOK_VERSION` 13 stopped applying the embedded vignetting
  correction twice); X-S10, 60 photos not used to find that bug, mean ΔE00 2.71 → 2.55 with it fixed. SRW 2.2–7.6.
- Against Lightroom itself (few): Sony DRO median ΔE76 7.5 → 3.3; Olympus E-1 vs Lightroom Classic
  ΔE00 11.25 → 8.30; ProRAW with its gain map ΔE00 19 (why the map is off). No measurement against
  Adobe Standard across models exists.
- User evidence: 33 open issues about raw colour or rendering (wrong colours, dark, flat, green,
  desaturated), the largest group of open core-path issues.

**Colour score ~35%** (estimated): most decoded files start close to the camera's own look (ΔE ~5),
about 10% start far off (ΔE ~18), nothing is calibrated, Kelvin WB is missing for fitted cameras without colour matrices, and
the distance to Adobe Standard is unmeasured. In the readiness numbers this becomes a colour factor
of ×0.85 for a working photographer (they correct colour by hand, at a cost) and ×0.75 for the
essentials user (the default look is what they keep).

## Lens profiles

| Item | Adobe | LightCraft |
|---|---|---|
| Profile database | 3,635 profile files, 56 makers, auto-selected | **0** (Adobe LCPs never used; no database of our own) |
| In-file corrections | ✅ | DNG opcodes (WarpRectilinear, FixVignetteRadial, GainMap…) applied; Panasonic / Leica RW2 distortion (79 photos, 13 bodies, 11 lenses); Sony tag 0x7037 distortion for the ILCE-7RM4A (2 lenses) and ILCE-7M3 (3 lenses), full-frame Bayer 3:2 ILCE-7CR files with correction Auto or forced Auto (3 lenses; see sony-lens-corrections.md for residuals and limits) the ILCE-7RM6 (3 lenses, 54 photos) and the APS-C ILCE-6700 (3 lenses, 145 photos; 0.73 px worst, with a measured Sigma 10–18 mm exception at 10–10.5 mm; `sony-ilce7rm6-lens-corrections.md`); Nikon NikonNEFInfo distortion (tag `0xc7d5`, about the sensor-shifted optical centre) for the Z 6II and Z f: F-mount lenses on the FTZ within 0.2 px of the camera JPEG, Z lenses within 0.5–1.5 px except the 24-70's wide end (7 px median; `docs/nikon-lens-corrections.md`) |
| Vignetting / lateral CA from maker notes | ✅ | ⬜ |
| Manual distortion, vignetting, CA, defringe | ✅ | ✅ |

**Lens score ~10%** (estimated): automatic correction reaches roughly Panasonic / Leica, phone and
drone DNG users (~9% of photographers by the weights above); Adobe reaches nearly everyone.

## Scores

| Part | Weight | Score | Basis |
|---|---:|---:|---|
| Decoding | 60% | **83%** | use-weighted 92% × 0.9 (82.8%) for per-body decode bugs still surfacing (levels, crops, WB: #535, #455, #461, #702) |
| Colour | 25% | **35%** | see [Colour](#colour) |
| Lens profiles | 15% | **10%** | see [Lens profiles](#lens-profiles) |
| **RAW readiness** | 100% | **~60%** (range 54–64%) | 49.7 + 8.75 + 1.5; demosaic and highlight quality unmeasured |

The previous estimate (earlier on 2026-10-10) was ~50%, with decoding at ~78% weighted by maker
from the format list alone. Measured model by model, decoding comes out about the same; the change is
the written decomposition, not new decoding.

## Remaining work, ranked by photographers unlocked per hour

Hours are Opus 5.5 agent hours, calibrated on this repo's raw PRs: RW2 every format 6.5 h (#215),
compressed RAF 8.6 h (#282), CR3 CRX 10 h (#279), NEF lossy after split 4.7 h (#633), ORF 12.8 bpp
1.7 h (#651), HEIC 7 h (#609). "Gain" is the change in the use-weighted share whose camera fully
works, from [raw/usage-weights.tsv](raw/usage-weights.tsv).

| # | Camera / variant | Gain (points of photographers) | Hours | Gain per hour | Needs |
|---:|---|---:|---:|---:|---|
| 1 | Compressed ORF (every Olympus / OM body since ~2008) | +2.6 | 8–15 | ~0.20 | CC0 samples (have 2) |
| 2 | CR3: remaining CRX variants (no public file uses them) | +0.3 | 10–25 | ~0.02 | files that open as a preview, from users |
| 3 | ~~Verify popular Nikon, Fujifilm, Canon CR2 and Pentax bodies (one CC0 file each, fix what breaks)~~ done (#1045, #1081) | (+2.0, taken) | — | — | public samples |
| 4 | Nikon packed 14-bit under a compressed tag (Z 6II uncompressed, #769) | +0.2 | 1–2 | ~0.13 | PR #671 exists |
| 5 | Sony DSLR-A200…A390 / A850 12-bit compressed ARW | +0.4 | 3–6 | ~0.08 | samples on raw.pixls.us |
| 6 | Pre-X FinePix RAF | +0.6 | 4–8 | ~0.08 | samples |
| 7 | Sony A100 regression (#702) and DSC-F828 sensor decoding (preview-only) | +0.1 | 1–2 | ~0.07 | samples on raw.pixls.us |
| 8 | Nikon HE / HE★ NEF (Z 8, Z 9, Z 6III, Z f, Z50II, Z5II set to HE) | +1.1 | 20–40 | ~0.04 | a pure-Rust JPEG XS decoder |
| 9 | Compressed SRW, Hasselblad 3FR, IIQ, X3F, KDC, DCR, GPR (ERF, MEF, MRW done) | +0.6 together | 45–85 | ~0.01 | samples; low use |

Beyond decoding:

| Gap | Hours | Needs |
|---|---:|---|
| Measured colour calibration for the ~60 popular bodies, Kelvin WB for cameras without matrices, render-fidelity suite against Lightroom | 80–150 | chart shots per camera (a human with cameras) or licensable measured data |
| Lens profile database of our own (fitting tools, data format, top 100 lenses), maker-note vignetting / CA | 40–80 | calibration shots (a human with lenses) |
| Demosaic and highlight quality measured against Lightroom; X-Trans AI denoise | 15–30 | |
| **Total RAW** | **255–480 h** (decoding list above 120–220 h; ~60% parallelizes) | |

## Revision history

| Date | Change | Summary |
|---|---|---|
| 2026-10-26 | patch | Bundled camera profile count 5 → 9 (Nikon Z 6II, Z 8 and D5300, ILCE-7RM5); counts only |
| 2026-10-23 | minor | Lens profiles: Sony ILCE-6700 (APS-C) in-file distortion through the ILCE-7RM6 conversion, knots spanning its own crop; lens score unchanged (~10%: one more body) |
| 2026-10-25 | patch | CRW variant rows split by verification status (EOS and G1/G6 verified; G2/G3/G4/Pro1/S-series unverified; G5 preview); the CIFF heap walk is bounded by a per-file record budget, so a block of sub-heap records pointing back at their parent no longer hangs decode |
| 2026-10-13 | minor | Canon CRW decoded (clean-room derivation, craft-libs `crates/crw/clean-room/`): EOS D30/D60/10D/300D, PowerShot G1/G6 verified pixel-exact (28 of 29 corpus files); G5 preview (entropy anomaly); as-shot WB from ColorBalance 0x10a9; 243 verified, 950 unverified, 217 preview; Canon bucket 76% (21% verified) |
| 2026-10-18 | patch | X-T30, X-T30 II, X-Pro3, X100V, X-S10 and X-E4 take the X-T3's spectral matrices (same 26.1 MP X-Trans CMOS 4 sensor): an X-T30 raw with a black-and-white (Acros) camera JPEG no longer opens in the muted neutral fallback |
| 2026-10-16 | minor | Kelvin white balance from Canon CR2 `ColorData` presets (PowerShot G1 X Mark III) |
| 2026-10-15 | minor | DNGs with a look table and no tone curve (Lightroom-written, Adobe Standard) fit their tone to the embedded preview, also Lightroom's 1024 px one: two lossy ILCE-7CM2 DNGs no longer render 0.8 EV dark and flat |
| 2026-10-15 | minor | Lossy JPEG XL DNG tiles that declare a non-linear SDR transfer curve (sRGB, BT.709, DCI, gamma) decode with that curve restored instead of falling back to the embedded preview: Lightroom Classic 15.1 LinearRaw DNGs (Rec. 2100 primaries, sRGB curve; 2 private ILCE-7CM2 files) |
| 2026-10-15 | minor | Hasselblad 3FR / FFF embedded previews: the uncompressed 8-bit RGB image, handed on as a baseline TIFF (checked on the CC0 H4D-40 FFF, 1217 × 913, and CFV 3FR, 218 × 218, upright through the file's orientation); counts unchanged |
| 2026-10-15 | minor | Hasselblad 3FR / FFF get their own reader (`crates/raw/src/vendor/hasselblad.rs`): an FFF takes its colour matrix from the original 3FR header in tag `0xC51B` instead of developing with the neutral matrix; RGGB checked against the camera preview on the CC0 H4D-40 FFF and CFV 3FR; counts unchanged |
| 2026-10-22 | patch | LR-PROF-IMPORT: a CC0 Nikon D750 ColorChecker profile (Calibrite PROFILER, matrix-only, Cool White Fluorescent + D55) and its chart NEFs are a pinned corpus (`D750_COLORCHECKER`); with it LightCraft develops the charts within mean ΔE2000 3.84 (flash) / 3.35 (indoor), max 7.77 / 5.24, of Lightroom Classic 15.6's renders; colour patches come out less saturated |
| 2026-10-12 | minor | LR-PROF-IMPORT: the user's own DNG camera profiles (`.dcp`) import as camera profiles; none ship |
| 2026-10-12 | minor | SR2/SRF folder discovery and shared CLI/MCP extensions; public DSC-R1 sensor import and DSC-F828 preview-only import agree with direct import. F828 reclassified as preview-only (219 preview, 37 unsupported in the current generated coverage); sensor-decoding scores unchanged |
| 2026-10-14 | minor | Camera-coverage sweep (#1327): 30 models verified on 40 CC0 files (`coverage_sweep_corpus.rs`, `coverage-sweep.tsv`; `docs/raw/coverage.py` 515 → 545 verified rows); the counts above are not re-measured here. Sensor verification does not establish colour parity (#1277) |
| 2026-10-13 | minor | Bundled camera profiles 4 → 5 (ILCA-99M2) |
| 2026-10-14 | minor | 21 Sony and Leica models verified (one CC0 raw.pixls.us file each, pinned; `sony_leica_corpus.rs`): 258 verified, 920 unverified; Leica on a verified body 21% → 72%, Sony 91% → 92%, use-weighted 85% and 43% |
| 2026-10-14 | minor | 17 uncompressed Olympus and Samsung models verified on one CC0 file each (`olympus_samsung_corpus.rs`): 254 verified, 932 unverified, 224 preview; OM / Olympus 3% → 6% (5% on verified bodies); use-weighted 85% and 42% unchanged; duplicated summary rows from a merge removed |
| 2026-10-14 | minor | Nikon D600 and D610 image area (6016 × 4016 at 8, 6) measured on 4 CC0 NEFs of each, and the D90's area and white level applied to the D5000 (same sensor and filler, 2 CC0 NEFs): the filler and noise columns on the right no longer develop as a band, and for these bodies the white level is measured inside the image area, issue #1627 |
| 2026-10-11 | minor | Leica Q3 verified by a recorded check of 38 private DNGs (no decode failure; mean ΔE to the camera JPEG 6.3–13.9): 236 verified, 941 unverified, Leica bucket on a verified body 5% → 21%, weighted shares unchanged |
| 2026-10-12 | patch | CR2 white level from the active area, not the saturated masked rows above it (#1272: EOS 50D, 60D, 450D (Rebel XSi), 500D (Rebel T1i), 550D (Rebel T2i), 1200D (Rebel T5) and 100D (Rebel SL1)); scores unchanged |
| 2026-10-12 | minor | Canon PowerShot G9: as-shot white balance from WBInfo (`0x0029`, the row of the preset in ShotInfo), issue #1273; render unchanged (the camera-look fit already absorbed it), As Shot now the camera's; counts unchanged |
| 2026-10-12 | minor | Olympus E-10: as-shot white balance (`0x1017`/`0x1018`) and black level (`0x1012` in `0x102c` ValidBits units) from the main maker note, issue #1273; ΔE76 against its thumbnail 18.5 → 11.5, camera-look fit now accepted; counts unchanged |
| 2026-10-13 | minor | Nikon D90 image area (4288 × 2848 at 10, 10) and white level (3830) measured on 10 of 550 NEFs from one body: its 42 filler columns no longer develop as a pink band |
| 2026-10-12 | minor | Hasselblad Lunar verified (a Sony NEX-7 ARW under Make HASSELBLAD, now decoded): 236 verified, 232 preview; an uncompressed Leaf MOS is recognised as a raw (preview only) instead of opening as a greyscale image of its mosaic (#1275) |
| 2026-10-12 | minor | 22 more CR3 bodies verified (one CC0 raw.pixls.us file each, pinned, checked against the camera JPEG; all 110 CC0 CR3s decode); EOS R6 Mark III ColorData 66 white balance: 259 verified, 919 unverified; use-weighted 92% (59% on verified bodies); Canon 73% → 94%; decoding 83%, RAW readiness ~56% → ~60%; CR3 gain +6.2 → +0.3 |
| 2026-10-12 | minor | 117 Nikon and Fujifilm bodies verified (one CC0 raw.pixls.us file each, pinned, checked against the camera JPEG; `body_corpus.rs`); COOLPIX 5700 / 8400 / 8800 decode wrongly (now unsupported); #702 fixed, A100 preview-only: 354 verified, 824 unverified, 230 preview, 38 unsupported; use-weighted 86% (58% on verified bodies); decoding 77% unchanged |
| 2026-10-11 | minor | Nikon: every body without `CropArea` surveyed (#1053); 36 model / size / depth groups cropped to their measured camera frame (#976, #914), 6 pending; NEF row no longer claims every coding but HE decodes (compressed NEFs without a linearization table listed) |
| 2026-10-10 | minor | Compressed ORF: pointer to the two Olympus patents that describe the method, as a clean-room starting point |
| 2026-10-12 | minor | PEF without area tags: masked border rows and columns trimmed against the BlackPoint (issue #1271; KP, KF, K-3 Mark III, K-70, K-1, K-1 Mark II, K-S1, K-S2, 645Z); counts unchanged |
| 2026-10-13 | minor | Lens profiles: Nikon in-file distortion (NikonNEFInfo `0xc7d5`) for the Z 6II, Z 8 and Z f, validated on 83 frames from three lenses and the CC0 Z f sample (`docs/nikon-lens-corrections.md`); lens score unchanged |
| 2026-10-11 | minor | EOS R5 Mark II verified (CRX QP-map first literal and limited-length escape, odd-height Bayer planes; 4 CC0 files pinned, QP maps of 33,665 private files): 235 verified, 942 unverified; use-weighted 85% (42% on verified bodies); decoding 77%, RAW readiness unchanged at ~56% |
| 2026-10-10 (later) | major | Model-by-model measurement against Adobe's published list (1,446 models: 234 verified, 943 unverified, 233 preview, 36 unsupported); `docs/raw/` data and re-measure script; use-weighted share 84% (40% on verified bodies); variant matrix; colour and lens sections with scores; ranked next cameras; RAW readiness ~56% from written parts |
| 2026-10-10 | major | Created: formats, makers, demosaic, colour and lens checklists; target counts from the installed Lightroom 9.6 bundle listing |
| 2026-10-10 (later) | minor | Lens profiles: Sony ILCE-7RM6 in-file distortion next to the ILCE-7RM4A's (its lateral CA parsed, off by default); lens score unchanged (~10%: one more body) |
| 2026-10-14 | minor | 97 Canon CR2, Pentax and Ricoh models verified (one CC0 raw.pixls.us file each, pinned, checked against the camera JPEG; `canon_pentax_corpus.rs`): 334 verified, 844 unverified, 232 preview; 50% of photographers on a verified body; use-weighted 85% unchanged |
| 2026-10-14 | minor | Integration batch 36: CC0 per-model verification for 117 Nikon/Fujifilm, 97 Canon CR2/Pentax/Ricoh, 21 Sony/Leica and 23 Olympus/Samsung bodies, 22 more CR3 bodies and 30 more models; Epson ERF and Mamiya MEF decode; measured Nikon image areas (#1053, #1770): 515 verified, 675 unverified, 218 preview, 38 unsupported (re-measured with `coverage.py`) |
| 2026-10-15 | minor | By-maker and by-use tables re-measured with `coverage.py` after batches 36–39 (545 verified, 651 unverified, 212 preview, 38 unsupported; ~94% of photographers' cameras fully work, ~85% on a verified body); rows the per-model PRs had updated are current again |
| 2026-10-15 | minor | Canon CRW merged with batches 36–39 and re-measured with `coverage.py`: 551 verified, 660 unverified, 197 preview, 38 unsupported; Canon 98% (94% on verified bodies); use-weighted 94% and 86% |
| 2026-10-25 | minor | Canon EOS D60: dual-illuminant matrices fitted to our own ColorChecker Classic shots (tungsten, sun; `crates/raw/src/chart_table.rs`), the first chart-calibrated model: its CRWs edit white balance in Kelvin; counts unchanged |
| 2026-10-18 | minor | Minolta MRW decoded (`vendor/mrw.rs`): DiMAGE 7, 7Hi, A1, A2, A200 and Dynax / Maxxum 7D verified; 551 verified, 656 unverified, 201 preview (re-measured with `coverage.py`) |
| 2026-10-23 | minor | AHD blends its horizontal and vertical candidates where their homogeneity is close, so flat noise no longer becomes a maze pattern; Bayer demosaic row notes the pre-white-balance demosaic (#1328); scores unchanged |
| 2026-10-30 | patch | RAF camera look fitted on the vignetting-corrected sensor (`LOOK_VERSION` 13): renders were up to 0.3 EV too bright in midtones and 0.6 EV in shadows; X-S10 mean ΔE00 vs the camera JPEG 2.71 → 2.55 on 60 photos |
| 2026-10-26 | minor | Canon CRW decoding moved to the shared craft-libs crate `craft-crw` (local path dependency until that branch merges); `vendor/crw.rs` is now the adapter onto `RawImage`, and the clean-room derivation record lives in craft-libs `crates/crw/clean-room/`; counts unchanged |