diff --git a/crates/proof/src/cs/mod.rs b/crates/proof/src/cs/mod.rs
index 55e21aef6..1d72dc913 100644
--- a/crates/proof/src/cs/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/proof/src/cs/mod.rs
@@ -18,7 +18,7 @@ pub use suggest::suggest;
 const NAMES: &[&str] = &["cs_CZ", "cs-CZ", "cs"];
 
 /// The Czech dictionary, found on first use (see [`DictSlot`]).
-static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Czech");
+pub(crate) static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Czech");
 
 /// The Czech dictionary: the installed Hunspell `cs_CZ` (read on first use), one given with
 /// [`install_dictionary`], or an empty one when none is available (Czech spelling is off
@@ -33,18 +33,6 @@ pub fn install_dictionary(aff: &str, dic: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     DICT.install(aff, dic)
 }
 
-/// Forget the loaded dictionary, so the next check looks for an installed one again (after
-/// [`crate::hunspell::set_dictionary_dir`] or a dictionary was installed).
-pub fn reload_dictionary() {
-    DICT.reload();
-}
-
-/// The `.dic` file of the installed Czech dictionary (File › Options › Proofing shows it);
-/// `None` when there is none, or when one given with [`install_dictionary`] is in use.
-pub fn installed_path() -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    DICT.installed_path()
-}
-
 /// Is a Czech dictionary available (spelling is checked)?
 pub fn has_dictionary() -> bool {
     DICT.has_dictionary()
diff --git a/crates/proof/src/es/mod.rs b/crates/proof/src/es/mod.rs
index 253642c83..e16e9d6bd 100644
--- a/crates/proof/src/es/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/proof/src/es/mod.rs
@@ -25,10 +25,10 @@ use crate::slot::DictSlot;
 pub use suggest::suggest;
 
 /// The dictionary of each variety, found on first use (see [`DictSlot`]).
-static SPAIN_DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(SPAIN, "Spanish (Spain)");
-static MEXICO_DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(MEXICO, "Spanish (Mexico)");
-static LATIN_AMERICA_DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(LATIN_AMERICA, "Spanish (Latin America)");
-static URUGUAY_DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(URUGUAY, "Spanish (Uruguay)");
+pub(crate) static SPAIN_DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(SPAIN, "Spanish (Spain)");
+pub(crate) static MEXICO_DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(MEXICO, "Spanish (Mexico)");
+pub(crate) static LATIN_AMERICA_DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(LATIN_AMERICA, "Spanish (Latin America)");
+pub(crate) static URUGUAY_DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(URUGUAY, "Spanish (Uruguay)");
 
 /// File names of a Spanish Hunspell dictionary for Spain, most specific first (`es_ANY` is the
 /// generic one RLA-ES publishes).
@@ -72,21 +72,6 @@ pub fn install_dictionary(lang: ProofLang, aff: &str, dic: &str) -> Result<(), S
     slot(lang).install(aff, dic)
 }
 
-/// Forget every variety's loaded dictionary, so the next check looks for an installed one again
-/// (after [`crate::hunspell::set_dictionary_dir`] or a dictionary was installed).
-pub fn reload_dictionary() {
-    for slot in [&SPAIN_DICT, &MEXICO_DICT, &LATIN_AMERICA_DICT, &URUGUAY_DICT] {
-        slot.reload();
-    }
-}
-
-/// The `.dic` file of the Hunspell dictionary `lang`'s variety finds in the dictionaries folder
-/// or the system locations now (File › Options › Proofing shows it); `None` when there is none,
-/// or when one given with [`install_dictionary`] is in use.
-pub fn installed_path(lang: ProofLang) -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    slot(lang).installed_path()
-}
-
 /// Is a dictionary available for `lang`'s variety (spelling is checked)?
 pub fn has_dictionary(lang: ProofLang) -> bool {
     slot(lang).has_dictionary()
diff --git a/crates/proof/src/hr/mod.rs b/crates/proof/src/hr/mod.rs
index 6372a47d2..036b72350 100644
--- a/crates/proof/src/hr/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/proof/src/hr/mod.rs
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@ pub use suggest::suggest;
 const NAMES: &[&str] = &["hr_HR", "hr-HR", "hr"];
 
 /// The Croatian dictionary, found on first use (see [`DictSlot`]).
-static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Croatian");
+pub(crate) static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Croatian");
 
 /// The Croatian dictionary: the installed Hunspell `hr_HR` (read on first use), one given with
 /// [`install_dictionary`], or an empty one when none is available (Croatian spelling is off
@@ -35,18 +35,6 @@ pub fn install_dictionary(aff: &str, dic: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     DICT.install(aff, dic)
 }
 
-/// Forget the loaded dictionary, so the next check looks for an installed one again (after
-/// [`crate::hunspell::set_dictionary_dir`] or a dictionary was installed).
-pub fn reload_dictionary() {
-    DICT.reload();
-}
-
-/// The `.dic` file of the installed Croatian dictionary (File › Options › Proofing shows it);
-/// `None` when there is none, or when one given with [`install_dictionary`] is in use.
-pub fn installed_path() -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    DICT.installed_path()
-}
-
 /// Is a Croatian dictionary available (spelling is checked)?
 pub fn has_dictionary() -> bool {
     DICT.has_dictionary()
diff --git a/crates/proof/src/id/mod.rs b/crates/proof/src/id/mod.rs
index 65b820dfc..f1e44df45 100644
--- a/crates/proof/src/id/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/proof/src/id/mod.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ pub use suggest::suggest;
 const NAMES: &[&str] = &["id_ID", "id-ID", "id", "in_ID"];
 
 /// The Indonesian dictionary, found on first use (see [`DictSlot`]).
-static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Indonesian");
+pub(crate) static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Indonesian");
 
 /// The Indonesian dictionary: the installed Hunspell `id_ID` (read on first use), one given with
 /// [`install_dictionary`], or an empty one when none is available (Indonesian spelling is off
@@ -36,18 +36,6 @@ pub fn install_dictionary(aff: &str, dic: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     DICT.install(aff, dic)
 }
 
-/// Forget the loaded dictionary, so the next check looks for an installed one again (after
-/// [`crate::hunspell::set_dictionary_dir`] or a dictionary was installed).
-pub fn reload_dictionary() {
-    DICT.reload();
-}
-
-/// The `.dic` file of the installed Indonesian dictionary (File › Options › Proofing shows it);
-/// `None` when there is none, or when one given with [`install_dictionary`] is in use.
-pub fn installed_path() -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    DICT.installed_path()
-}
-
 /// Is an Indonesian dictionary available (spelling is checked)?
 pub fn has_dictionary() -> bool {
     DICT.has_dictionary()
diff --git a/crates/proof/src/it/mod.rs b/crates/proof/src/it/mod.rs
index 168883e17..1e606ad74 100644
--- a/crates/proof/src/it/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/proof/src/it/mod.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub use suggest::suggest;
 const NAMES: &[&str] = &["it_IT", "it_CH", "it-IT", "it"];
 
 /// The Italian dictionary, found on first use (see [`DictSlot`]).
-static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Italian");
+pub(crate) static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Italian");
 
 /// The Italian dictionary: the installed Hunspell `it_IT` (read on first use), one given with
 /// [`install_dictionary`], or an empty one when none is available (Italian spelling is off
@@ -44,18 +44,6 @@ pub fn install_dictionary(aff: &str, dic: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     DICT.install(aff, dic)
 }
 
-/// Forget the loaded dictionary, so the next check looks for an installed one again (after
-/// [`crate::hunspell::set_dictionary_dir`] or a dictionary was installed).
-pub fn reload_dictionary() {
-    DICT.reload();
-}
-
-/// The `.dic` file of the installed Italian dictionary (File › Options › Proofing shows it);
-/// `None` when there is none, or when one given with [`install_dictionary`] is in use.
-pub fn installed_path() -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    DICT.installed_path()
-}
-
 /// Is an Italian dictionary available (spelling is checked)?
 pub fn has_dictionary() -> bool {
     DICT.has_dictionary()
diff --git a/crates/proof/src/lib.rs b/crates/proof/src/lib.rs
index 4bf4da78b..0c51e2362 100644
--- a/crates/proof/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/proof/src/lib.rs
@@ -159,57 +159,150 @@ pub fn ignore_word(w: &str) {
     }
 }
 
+/// A language proofed against an installed Hunspell dictionary: all the functions below need to
+/// know about it, so a language joins with one row in [`LANGUAGES`].
+struct Language {
+    lang: ProofLang,
+    slot: &'static dyn slot::Slot,
+    /// The spelling mark's message, in the language.
+    message: &'static str,
+    is_correct: fn(&str, ProofLang, &Options) -> bool,
+    suggest: fn(&str, usize, ProofLang) -> Vec<String>,
+    /// Grammar issues; the flag says whether the first word must have a capital (not in a list
+    /// item).
+    grammar: fn(&str, ProofLang, bool) -> Vec<Issue>,
+}
+
+/// Every language proofed against a Hunspell dictionary, in the order File › Options › Proofing
+/// lists them. English has a built-in word list and is handled apart.
+static LANGUAGES: [Language; 12] = [
+    Language {
+        lang: ProofLang::Pl,
+        slot: &pl::DICT,
+        message: "Możliwy błąd pisowni",
+        is_correct: |w, _, o| pl::is_correct_with_options(w, o),
+        suggest: |w, n, _| pl::suggest(w, n),
+        grammar: |t, _, c| pl::grammar::check_with(t, c),
+    },
+    Language {
+        lang: ProofLang::Pt,
+        slot: &pt::DICT,
+        message: "Possível erro de ortografia",
+        is_correct: |w, _, o| pt::is_correct_with_options(w, o),
+        suggest: |w, n, _| pt::suggest(w, n),
+        grammar: |t, _, c| pt::grammar::check_with(t, c),
+    },
+    Language {
+        lang: ProofLang::It,
+        slot: &it::DICT,
+        message: "Possibile errore di ortografia",
+        is_correct: |w, _, o| it::is_correct_with_options(w, o),
+        suggest: |w, n, _| it::suggest(w, n),
+        grammar: |t, _, c| it::grammar::check_with(t, c),
+    },
+    Language {
+        lang: ProofLang::Hr,
+        slot: &hr::DICT,
+        message: "Moguća pravopisna pogreška",
+        is_correct: |w, _, o| hr::is_correct_with_options(w, o),
+        suggest: |w, n, _| hr::suggest(w, n),
+        grammar: |t, _, c| hr::grammar::check_with(t, c),
+    },
+    Language {
+        lang: ProofLang::Tr,
+        slot: &tr::DICT,
+        message: "Olası yazım hatası",
+        is_correct: |w, _, o| tr::is_correct_with_options(w, o),
+        suggest: |w, n, _| tr::suggest(w, n),
+        grammar: |t, _, c| tr::grammar::check_with(t, c),
+    },
+    Language {
+        lang: ProofLang::Ru,
+        slot: &ru::DICT,
+        message: "Возможна орфографическая ошибка",
+        is_correct: |w, _, o| ru::is_correct_with_options(w, o),
+        suggest: |w, n, _| ru::suggest(w, n),
+        grammar: |t, _, c| ru::grammar::check_with(t, c),
+    },
+    // Czech, Indonesian and Spanish have no sentence-capital rule, so a list item needs no
+    // exception.
+    Language {
+        lang: ProofLang::Cs,
+        slot: &cs::DICT,
+        message: "Možná pravopisná chyba",
+        is_correct: |w, _, o| cs::is_correct_with_options(w, o),
+        suggest: |w, n, _| cs::suggest(w, n),
+        grammar: |t, _, _| cs::grammar::check(t),
+    },
+    Language {
+        lang: ProofLang::Id,
+        slot: &id::DICT,
+        message: "Kemungkinan salah eja",
+        is_correct: |w, _, o| id::is_correct_with_options(w, o),
+        suggest: |w, n, _| id::suggest(w, n),
+        grammar: |t, _, _| id::grammar::check(t),
+    },
+    Language {
+        lang: ProofLang::Es,
+        slot: &es::SPAIN_DICT,
+        message: "Posible error ortográfico",
+        is_correct: es::is_correct_with_options,
+        suggest: es::suggest,
+        grammar: |t, l, _| es::grammar::check(t, l),
+    },
+    Language {
+        lang: ProofLang::EsMx,
+        slot: &es::MEXICO_DICT,
+        message: "Posible error ortográfico",
+        is_correct: es::is_correct_with_options,
+        suggest: es::suggest,
+        grammar: |t, l, _| es::grammar::check(t, l),
+    },
+    Language {
+        lang: ProofLang::Es419,
+        slot: &es::LATIN_AMERICA_DICT,
+        message: "Posible error ortográfico",
+        is_correct: es::is_correct_with_options,
+        suggest: es::suggest,
+        grammar: |t, l, _| es::grammar::check(t, l),
+    },
+    Language {
+        lang: ProofLang::EsUy,
+        slot: &es::URUGUAY_DICT,
+        message: "Posible error ortográfico",
+        is_correct: es::is_correct_with_options,
+        suggest: es::suggest,
+        grammar: |t, l, _| es::grammar::check(t, l),
+    },
+];
+
+/// `lang`'s row in [`LANGUAGES`]; `None` for English and the languages WordCraft doesn't proof.
+fn language(lang: ProofLang) -> Option<&'static Language> {
+    LANGUAGES.iter().find(|l| l.lang == lang)
+}
+
 /// Search `dir` for Hunspell dictionaries before the system locations (File › Options ›
 /// Proofing › Dictionaries folder, #1063); `None` clears it. The dictionaries load again from
 /// the new search path, and text is checked again.
 pub fn set_dictionaries_folder(dir: Option<std::path::PathBuf>) {
     hunspell::set_dictionary_dir(dir);
-    pl::reload_dictionary();
-    pt::reload_dictionary();
-    it::reload_dictionary();
-    hr::reload_dictionary();
-    tr::reload_dictionary();
-    ru::reload_dictionary();
-    cs::reload_dictionary();
-    id::reload_dictionary();
-    es::reload_dictionary();
+    for l in &LANGUAGES {
+        l.slot.reload();
+    }
     DICTIONARY_GENERATION.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
 }
 
 /// Each language that reads an installed Hunspell dictionary, with the `.dic` file found for it
 /// now (`None`: not installed, so the language has no spelling marks).
 pub fn installed_dictionaries() -> Vec<(ProofLang, Option<std::path::PathBuf>)> {
-    vec![
-        (ProofLang::Pl, pl::installed_path()),
-        (ProofLang::Pt, pt::installed_path()),
-        (ProofLang::It, it::installed_path()),
-        (ProofLang::Hr, hr::installed_path()),
-        (ProofLang::Tr, tr::installed_path()),
-        (ProofLang::Ru, ru::installed_path()),
-        (ProofLang::Cs, cs::installed_path()),
-        (ProofLang::Id, id::installed_path()),
-        (ProofLang::Es, es::installed_path(ProofLang::Es)),
-        (ProofLang::EsMx, es::installed_path(ProofLang::EsMx)),
-        (ProofLang::Es419, es::installed_path(ProofLang::Es419)),
-        (ProofLang::EsUy, es::installed_path(ProofLang::EsUy)),
-    ]
+    LANGUAGES.iter().map(|l| (l.lang, l.slot.installed_path())).collect()
 }
 
 /// Why the dictionary found for `lang` failed to load (unsupported encoding, too large, a parse
 /// error), if it was read and failed. Doesn't read anything itself: a dictionary nobody has
 /// checked yet reports `None` (#2830).
 pub fn dictionary_load_error(lang: ProofLang) -> Option<String> {
-    let key = match lang {
-        ProofLang::Pl => "pl_PL",
-        ProofLang::Pt => "pt_BR",
-        ProofLang::It => "it_IT",
-        ProofLang::Hr => "hr_HR",
-        ProofLang::Tr => "tr_TR",
-        ProofLang::Id => "id_ID",
-        ProofLang::Es | ProofLang::EsMx | ProofLang::Es419 | ProofLang::EsUy => es::dictionary_name(lang),
-        _ => return None,
-    };
-    hunspell::load_error(key).map(|(_, reason)| reason)
+    hunspell::load_error(language(lang)?.slot.name()).map(|(_, reason)| reason)
 }
 
 /// A number that changes whenever a word is added to or removed from the user dictionary, or the
@@ -440,36 +533,13 @@ pub fn unreadable_dictionary(lang: Option<&str>) -> Option<(&'static str, std::p
 
 /// Did the Hunspell dictionary of `lang` load? `None` for languages that use none (English).
 fn dictionary_loaded(lang: ProofLang) -> Option<bool> {
-    Some(match lang {
-        ProofLang::Pl => pl::has_dictionary(),
-        ProofLang::Pt => pt::has_dictionary(),
-        ProofLang::It => it::has_dictionary(),
-        ProofLang::Hr => hr::has_dictionary(),
-        ProofLang::Tr => tr::has_dictionary(),
-        ProofLang::Ru => ru::has_dictionary(),
-        ProofLang::Cs => cs::has_dictionary(),
-        ProofLang::Id => id::has_dictionary(),
-        l if l.is_spanish() => es::has_dictionary(l),
-        _ => return None,
-    })
+    language(lang).map(|l| l.slot.has_dictionary())
 }
 
 /// The Hunspell name `lang` needs when `installed` is false (the first name its module looks for;
 /// a Spanish variety's is its own: `es_ES`, `es_MX`, `es_419`, `es_UY`).
 fn dictionary_needed(lang: ProofLang, installed: bool) -> Option<&'static str> {
-    match lang {
-        _ if installed => None,
-        ProofLang::Pl => Some("pl_PL"),
-        ProofLang::Pt => Some("pt_BR"),
-        ProofLang::It => Some("it_IT"),
-        ProofLang::Hr => Some("hr_HR"),
-        ProofLang::Tr => Some("tr_TR"),
-        ProofLang::Ru => Some("ru_RU"),
-        ProofLang::Cs => Some("cs_CZ"),
-        ProofLang::Id => Some("id_ID"),
-        l if l.is_spanish() => Some(es::dictionary_name(l)),
-        _ => None,
-    }
+    language(lang).filter(|_| !installed).map(|l| l.slot.name())
 }
 
 /// Is `word` spelled correctly in the run's proofing language? A language without a dictionary
@@ -739,18 +809,7 @@ fn spelling_issue(text: &str, a: usize, b: usize, lang: ProofLang, opts: &Option
     if (opts.ignore_internet && internet) || (lang.is_english() && vi::is_vietnamese_word(w)) || is_correct_in_with(w, lang, opts) {
         return None;
     }
-    let message = match lang {
-        ProofLang::Pl => "Możliwy błąd pisowni",
-        ProofLang::Hr => "Moguća pravopisna pogreška",
-        ProofLang::Pt => "Possível erro de ortografia",
-        ProofLang::It => "Possibile errore di ortografia",
-        ProofLang::Tr => "Olası yazım hatası",
-        ProofLang::Ru => "Возможна орфографическая ошибка",
-        ProofLang::Cs => "Možná pravopisná chyba",
-        ProofLang::Id => "Kemungkinan salah eja",
-        ProofLang::Es | ProofLang::EsMx | ProofLang::Es419 | ProofLang::EsUy => "Posible error ortográfico",
-        _ => "Possible spelling mistake",
-    };
+    let message = language(lang).map_or("Possible spelling mistake", |l| l.message);
     Some(Issue { start: a, end: b, kind: IssueKind::Spelling, message: message.into(), suggestions: Vec::new(), lang })
 }
 
@@ -774,40 +833,21 @@ fn composed(word: &str) -> std::borrow::Cow<'_, str> {
 /// checked as its composed form ([`composed`]).
 pub fn is_correct_in_with(word: &str, lang: ProofLang, opts: &Options) -> bool {
     let word = &*composed(word);
-    match lang {
-        ProofLang::En | ProofLang::EnGb | ProofLang::EnCa => is_correct_english(word, lang, opts),
-        ProofLang::Pl => accepted_by_options(word, opts) || pl::is_correct_with_options(word, opts),
-        ProofLang::Hr => accepted_by_options(word, opts) || hr::is_correct_with_options(word, opts),
-        ProofLang::Pt => accepted_by_options(word, opts) || pt::is_correct_with_options(word, opts),
-        ProofLang::It => accepted_by_options(word, opts) || it::is_correct_with_options(word, opts),
-        ProofLang::Tr => accepted_by_options(word, opts) || tr::is_correct_with_options(word, opts),
-        ProofLang::Ru => accepted_by_options(word, opts) || ru::is_correct_with_options(word, opts),
-        ProofLang::Es | ProofLang::EsMx | ProofLang::Es419 | ProofLang::EsUy => {
-            accepted_by_options(word, opts) || es::is_correct_with_options(word, lang, opts)
-        }
-        ProofLang::Cs => accepted_by_options(word, opts) || cs::is_correct_with_options(word, opts),
-        ProofLang::Id => accepted_by_options(word, opts) || id::is_correct_with_options(word, opts),
-        ProofLang::Bg | ProofLang::De | ProofLang::Other => true,
+    if lang.is_english() {
+        return is_correct_english(word, lang, opts);
     }
+    // A language WordCraft doesn't proof (Bulgarian, German, any other) has no spelling marks.
+    language(lang).is_none_or(|l| accepted_by_options(word, opts) || (l.is_correct)(word, lang, opts))
 }
 
 /// Spelling suggestions for a word misspelled in `lang` (best first, at most `max`), composed
 /// ([`composed`]) like the dictionaries' words.
 pub fn suggest_in(word: &str, max: usize, lang: ProofLang) -> Vec<String> {
     let word = &*composed(word);
-    match lang {
-        ProofLang::En | ProofLang::EnGb | ProofLang::EnCa => suggest_english(word, max, lang),
-        ProofLang::Pl => pl::suggest(word, max),
-        ProofLang::Hr => hr::suggest(word, max),
-        ProofLang::Pt => pt::suggest(word, max),
-        ProofLang::It => it::suggest(word, max),
-        ProofLang::Tr => tr::suggest(word, max),
-        ProofLang::Ru => ru::suggest(word, max),
-        ProofLang::Cs => cs::suggest(word, max),
-        ProofLang::Id => id::suggest(word, max),
-        ProofLang::Es | ProofLang::EsMx | ProofLang::Es419 | ProofLang::EsUy => es::suggest(word, max, lang),
-        ProofLang::Bg | ProofLang::De | ProofLang::Other => Vec::new(),
+    if lang.is_english() {
+        return suggest_english(word, max, lang);
     }
+    language(lang).map_or_else(Vec::new, |l| (l.suggest)(word, max, lang))
 }
 
 /// Grammar issues in a paragraph of text in `lang`: the English rules, the Polish ones
@@ -824,18 +864,7 @@ fn grammar_in(text: &str, lang: ProofLang, capital_first: bool) -> Vec<Issue> {
     match lang {
         ProofLang::En => grammar_en(text, capital_first),
         ProofLang::EnGb | ProofLang::EnCa => grammar_en(text, capital_first).into_iter().map(|i| Issue { lang, ..i }).collect(),
-        ProofLang::Pl => pl::grammar::check_with(text, capital_first),
-        ProofLang::Hr => hr::grammar::check_with(text, capital_first),
-        ProofLang::Pt => pt::grammar::check_with(text, capital_first),
-        ProofLang::It => it::grammar::check_with(text, capital_first),
-        ProofLang::Tr => tr::grammar::check_with(text, capital_first),
-        ProofLang::Ru => ru::grammar::check_with(text, capital_first),
-        // Czech has no sentence-capital rule, so a list item needs no exception.
-        ProofLang::Cs => cs::grammar::check(text),
-        ProofLang::Id => id::grammar::check(text),
-        // Spanish has no sentence-capital rule either.
-        ProofLang::Es | ProofLang::EsMx | ProofLang::Es419 | ProofLang::EsUy => es::grammar::check(text, lang),
-        ProofLang::Bg | ProofLang::De | ProofLang::Other => Vec::new(),
+        _ => language(lang).map_or_else(Vec::new, |l| (l.grammar)(text, lang, capital_first)),
     }
 }
 
@@ -1133,6 +1162,33 @@ mod tests {
         assert!(is_correct_in("дом", ProofLang::Ru) && !is_correct_in("дум", ProofLang::Ru));
     }
 
+    /// A dictionary that fails to load says why in File › Options › Proofing in every language
+    /// that reads one; Russian and Czech were missing from the list that named their dictionaries
+    /// there.
+    #[test]
+    fn every_dictionary_language_reports_its_load_error() {
+        let _guard = DICTIONARY_TESTS.lock().unwrap_or_else(std::sync::PoisonError::into_inner);
+        for (lang, _) in installed_dictionaries() {
+            let name = dictionary_needed(lang, false).unwrap();
+            let reason = format!("zq unreadable {name}");
+            let _ = hunspell::note_load::<()>(name, std::path::Path::new("zq.dic"), Err(reason.clone()));
+            assert_eq!(dictionary_load_error(lang), Some(reason), "{lang:?}");
+            hunspell::clear_load_error(name);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Every proofed language other than English has a row in the language table, and only those.
+    #[test]
+    fn the_language_table_covers_the_proofed_languages() {
+        for l in ProofLang::PROOFED {
+            assert_eq!(language(l).is_some(), !l.is_english(), "{l:?}");
+        }
+        for (i, row) in LANGUAGES.iter().enumerate() {
+            assert!(row.lang.is_proofed(), "{:?}", row.lang);
+            assert!(LANGUAGES.iter().skip(i + 1).all(|other| other.lang != row.lang), "{:?} twice", row.lang);
+        }
+    }
+
     /// #1741: a list item may be a fragment, so its first word needs no capital in any language
     /// with the rule; a plain paragraph's does, and later sentences in the item are still checked.
     #[test]
diff --git a/crates/proof/src/pl/mod.rs b/crates/proof/src/pl/mod.rs
index 4d79986d9..30d6d966f 100644
--- a/crates/proof/src/pl/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/proof/src/pl/mod.rs
@@ -28,7 +28,7 @@ pub use suggest::suggest;
 const NAMES: &[&str] = &["pl_PL", "pl-PL", "pl"];
 
 /// The Polish dictionary, found on first use (see [`DictSlot`]).
-static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Polish");
+pub(crate) static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Polish");
 
 /// The Polish dictionary: the installed Hunspell `pl_PL` (read on first use), one given with
 /// [`install_dictionary`], or an empty one when none is available (Polish spelling is off
@@ -43,18 +43,6 @@ pub fn install_dictionary(aff: &str, dic: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     DICT.install(aff, dic)
 }
 
-/// Forget the loaded dictionary, so the next check looks for an installed one again (after
-/// [`crate::hunspell::set_dictionary_dir`] or a dictionary was installed).
-pub fn reload_dictionary() {
-    DICT.reload();
-}
-
-/// The `.dic` file of the installed Polish dictionary (File › Options › Proofing shows it);
-/// `None` when there is none, or when one given with [`install_dictionary`] is in use.
-pub fn installed_path() -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    DICT.installed_path()
-}
-
 /// Is a Polish dictionary available (spelling is checked)?
 pub fn has_dictionary() -> bool {
     DICT.has_dictionary()
diff --git a/crates/proof/src/pt/mod.rs b/crates/proof/src/pt/mod.rs
index 860cf4579..0110a8c18 100644
--- a/crates/proof/src/pt/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/proof/src/pt/mod.rs
@@ -27,7 +27,7 @@ pub use suggest::suggest;
 const NAMES: &[&str] = &["pt_BR", "pt-BR", "pt"];
 
 /// The Portuguese dictionary, found on first use (see [`DictSlot`]).
-static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Portuguese");
+pub(crate) static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Portuguese");
 
 /// The Portuguese dictionary: the installed Hunspell `pt_BR` (read on first use), one given with
 /// [`install_dictionary`], or an empty one when none is available (Portuguese spelling is off
@@ -42,18 +42,6 @@ pub fn install_dictionary(aff: &str, dic: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     DICT.install(aff, dic)
 }
 
-/// Forget the loaded dictionary, so the next check looks for an installed one again (after
-/// [`crate::hunspell::set_dictionary_dir`] or a dictionary was installed).
-pub fn reload_dictionary() {
-    DICT.reload();
-}
-
-/// The `.dic` file of the installed Portuguese dictionary (File › Options › Proofing shows it);
-/// `None` when there is none, or when one given with [`install_dictionary`] is in use.
-pub fn installed_path() -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    DICT.installed_path()
-}
-
 /// Is a Portuguese dictionary available (spelling is checked)?
 pub fn has_dictionary() -> bool {
     DICT.has_dictionary()
diff --git a/crates/proof/src/ru/mod.rs b/crates/proof/src/ru/mod.rs
index e46bf305f..67be70858 100644
--- a/crates/proof/src/ru/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/proof/src/ru/mod.rs
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ pub use suggest::suggest;
 const NAMES: &[&str] = &["ru_RU", "ru-RU", "ru"];
 
 /// The Russian dictionary, found on first use (see [`DictSlot`]).
-static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Russian");
+pub(crate) static DICT: DictSlot<AffixDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Russian");
 
 /// The Russian dictionary: the installed Hunspell `ru_RU` (read on first use), one given with
 /// [`install_dictionary`], or an empty one when none is available (Russian spelling is off
@@ -54,18 +54,6 @@ pub fn install_dictionary(aff: &str, dic: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     DICT.install(aff, dic)
 }
 
-/// Forget the loaded dictionary, so the next check looks for an installed one again (after
-/// [`crate::hunspell::set_dictionary_dir`] or a dictionary was installed).
-pub fn reload_dictionary() {
-    DICT.reload();
-}
-
-/// The `.dic` file of the installed Russian dictionary (File › Options › Proofing shows it);
-/// `None` when there is none, or when one given with [`install_dictionary`] is in use.
-pub fn installed_path() -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    DICT.installed_path()
-}
-
 /// Is a Russian dictionary available (spelling is checked)?
 pub fn has_dictionary() -> bool {
     DICT.has_dictionary()
diff --git a/crates/proof/src/slot.rs b/crates/proof/src/slot.rs
index 3c0f2bd35..8b90a94a9 100644
--- a/crates/proof/src/slot.rs
+++ b/crates/proof/src/slot.rs
@@ -30,6 +30,37 @@ impl Dictionary for AffixDict {
     }
 }
 
+/// What every language's slot answers, whatever its dictionary type (the language table in
+/// lib.rs holds them side by side).
+pub(crate) trait Slot: Sync {
+    /// See [`DictSlot::name`].
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str;
+    /// See [`DictSlot::installed_path`].
+    fn installed_path(&self) -> Option<PathBuf>;
+    /// See [`DictSlot::has_dictionary`].
+    fn has_dictionary(&self) -> bool;
+    /// See [`DictSlot::reload`].
+    fn reload(&self);
+}
+
+impl<D: Dictionary> Slot for DictSlot<D> {
+    fn name(&self) -> &'static str {
+        DictSlot::name(self)
+    }
+
+    fn installed_path(&self) -> Option<PathBuf> {
+        DictSlot::installed_path(self)
+    }
+
+    fn has_dictionary(&self) -> bool {
+        DictSlot::has_dictionary(self)
+    }
+
+    fn reload(&self) {
+        DictSlot::reload(self);
+    }
+}
+
 /// The dictionary in use and whether it came from [`DictSlot::install`] rather than a file on
 /// disk (it then has no file to report, even if a matching file also happens to exist): one lock,
 /// so a reload and an install can't interleave their two fields.
diff --git a/crates/proof/src/tr/mod.rs b/crates/proof/src/tr/mod.rs
index eb5f0ea52..f247336be 100644
--- a/crates/proof/src/tr/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/proof/src/tr/mod.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,7 @@ pub use suggest::suggest;
 const NAMES: &[&str] = &["tr_TR", "tr-TR", "tr"];
 
 /// The Turkish dictionary, found on first use (see [`DictSlot`]).
-static DICT: DictSlot<TrDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Turkish");
+pub(crate) static DICT: DictSlot<TrDict> = DictSlot::new(NAMES, "Turkish");
 
 /// The Turkish dictionary: the installed Hunspell `tr_TR` (read on first use), one given with
 /// [`install_dictionary`], or an empty one when none is available.
@@ -43,17 +43,6 @@ pub fn install_dictionary(aff: &str, dic: &str) -> Result<(), String> {
     DICT.install(aff, dic)
 }
 
-/// Forget the loaded dictionary, so the next check looks for an installed one again.
-pub fn reload_dictionary() {
-    DICT.reload();
-}
-
-/// The `.dic` file of the installed Turkish dictionary (File › Options › Proofing shows it);
-/// `None` when there is none, or when one given with [`install_dictionary`] is in use.
-pub fn installed_path() -> Option<std::path::PathBuf> {
-    DICT.installed_path()
-}
-
 /// Is a Turkish dictionary available?
 pub fn has_dictionary() -> bool {
     DICT.has_dictionary()