diff --git a/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai.rs b/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai.rs
index fde4cb505..fc7d6e9d9 100644
--- a/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai.rs
+++ b/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai.rs
@@ -72,6 +72,17 @@ use vectorcraft_geom::{Affine, AnchorKind, BezPath, FillRule, PathData, Point, R
 
 use crate::{latin, ps};
 
+mod encoding;
+mod prolog;
+mod writer;
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+use encoding::writable;
+use encoding::{gradient_def, latin_string};
+pub(crate) use prolog::PROCSET;
+use prolog::{PROLOG, PS_HEADER, fonts};
+use writer::Writer;
+
 /// How deep symbols and live objects may nest in one another (deeper art is left out). Groups and
 /// layers need no limit of their own: a document is never deeper than
 /// [`vectorcraft_doc::MAX_DEPTH`].
@@ -226,1254 +237,5 @@ pub fn export_legacy_ai(doc: &Document, o: &LegacyAiOptions) -> Result<LegacyAiO
     Ok(LegacyAiOutput { bytes: s.into_bytes(), warnings: w.warnings })
 }
 
-/// The setup's fonts (§3.1, §3.3): `%%IncludeFont` for each, the encoding strings are in (`TE`),
-/// and each font re-encoded to it as `_name` (`TZ`; a TrueType font takes the encoding as its own,
-/// not the standard one, as the specification says of fonts that aren't Type 1).
-fn fonts(s: &mut String, fonts: &[(String, bool)]) {
-    if fonts.is_empty() {
-        return;
-    }
-    for (name, _) in fonts {
-        let _ = writeln!(s, "%%IncludeFont: {name}");
-    }
-    let te = latin::te();
-    s.push_str(&te);
-    // The encoding pairs, without `[` and `TE`.
-    let pairs = te.trim_start_matches('[').trim_end().trim_end_matches("TE").trim_end();
-    for (name, truetype) in fonts {
-        let _ = writeln!(s, "%AI3_BeginEncoding: _{name} {name}");
-        if *truetype {
-            let _ = writeln!(s, "[{pairs}\n/_{name}/{name} 0 0 0 TZ\n%AI3_EndEncoding TrueType");
-        } else {
-            let _ = writeln!(s, "[/_{name}/{name} 0 0 1 TZ\n%AI3_EndEncoding AdobeType");
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// The prolog's procedure set, as `%%DocumentSuppliedResources` names it: a file that has it is
-/// read from its program when its layers are asked for ([`crate::import_with`]).
-pub(crate) const PROCSET: &str = "VectorCraft_Legacy 1 0";
-
-/// The prolog: a procedure set of this writer's own (`VectorCraft_Legacy 1 0`), in a dictionary
-/// (`VCLegacy`) the setup begins and the trailer ends (§1.2: the prolog holds definitions only,
-/// the setup activates them, the trailer deactivates them). It gives each operator the script
-/// uses its meaning in PostScript, so that the file prints and previews as a PostScript program,
-/// written from the PostScript Language Reference and this format's specification (no other
-/// application's procedure set): paths and their painting with the fill and stroke colours,
-/// compound paths painted as one path, clipping groups, guides that don't print, layers that are
-/// hidden or don't print marking nothing, and images drawn from the samples on the comment lines
-/// that follow `XI`. Gradients fill with the colour set before them (the writer sets the first
-/// stop's), and type marks nothing: apps that read the format draw both. The page trailer's
-/// `annotatepage` (§3, Script Setup: `gsave annotatepage grestore showpage`) marks nothing.
-const PROLOG: &str = "%%BeginResource: procset VectorCraft_Legacy 1 0
-/VCLegacy 96 dict def
-VCLegacy begin
-/bd {bind def} bind def
-% State: the fill and stroke colours (procedures that set them), their overprints, the fill rule,
-% a clip to make at the next painting operator, a compound path being built, a guide being
-% drawn, whether the layer prints, and what the compound path is painted with.
-/_fc {0 setgray} def /_sc {0 setgray} def
-/_fo false def /_so false def /_eo false def /_w false def /_cp false def /_g false def
-/_on true def /_rf false def /_rs false def
-% Painting: a fill and a stroke that keep the path; the path painted as _rf and _rs say (after
-% the clip W asked for), then ended.
-/_fill {gsave _fc _fo setoverprint _eo {eofill} {fill} ifelse grestore} bd
-/_stroke {gsave _sc _so setoverprint stroke grestore} bd
-/_draw {_w {_eo {eoclip} {clip} ifelse /_w false def} if
- _on _g not and {_rf {_fill} if _rs {_stroke} if} if newpath} bd
-% close? fill? stroke? _r: paints now, or at the end of the compound path being built.
-/_r {/_rs exch def /_rf exch def {closepath} if _cp not {_draw} if} bd
-% Path construction (section 5.3.2) and painting (5.3.3).
-/m {moveto} bd /l {lineto} bd /L {lineto} bd /c {curveto} bd /C {curveto} bd
-/N {false false false _r} bd /n {true false false _r} bd
-/F {false true false _r} bd /f {true true false _r} bd
-/S {false false true _r} bd /s {true false true _r} bd
-/B {false true true _r} bd /b {true true true _r} bd
-/XR {1 eq /_eo exch def} bd
-% Compound paths (5.3.5): one path, painted at its end.
-/*u {/_cp true def} bd /*U {/_cp false def _draw} bd
-% Groups, clipping groups and masks (5.6), locking (5.1), guides (6.1).
-/u {} bd /U {} bd /q {gsave} bd /Q {grestore} bd
-/H {} bd /h {closepath} bd /W {/_w true def} bd
-/A {pop} bd
-/* {pop _g {newpath /_g false def} {/_g true def} ifelse} bd
-% Colours (5.4): fill and stroke colours, overprints; a custom colour as its CMYK equivalent at
-% its tint (tint 0 is the full colour).
-/g {/setgray load 2 array astore cvx /_fc exch def} bd
-/G {/setgray load 2 array astore cvx /_sc exch def} bd
-/k {/setcmykcolor load 5 array astore cvx /_fc exch def} bd
-/K {/setcmykcolor load 5 array astore cvx /_sc exch def} bd
-/Xa {/setrgbcolor load 4 array astore cvx /_fc exch def} bd
-/XA {/setrgbcolor load 4 array astore cvx /_sc exch def} bd
-/_tint {1 exch sub /_t exch def pop 4 {_t mul 4 1 roll} repeat} bd
-/x {_tint k} bd /X {_tint K} bd
-/O {1 eq /_fo exch def} bd /R {1 eq /_so exch def} bd
-/w {setlinewidth} bd /J {setlinecap} bd /j {setlinejoin} bd /M {setmiterlimit} bd /d {setdash} bd
-% Gradients (3.5): definitions are skipped; an instance fills with the colour set before it
-% (the writer sets its first stop's), and BB strokes the path as its flag says.
-/Bn {pop} bd /Bd {pop pop pop} bd /BD {cleartomark} bd
-/Bb {gsave} bd /Bg {12 {pop} repeat} bd /Bh {pop pop pop pop} bd
-/BB {grestore _cp {0 gt {/_rs true def} if}
- {dup 2 eq {closepath} if 0 gt _on and {_stroke} if newpath} ifelse} bd
-% Layers (9): a layer that is hidden or doesn't print marks nothing.
-/Lb {6 {pop} repeat exch pop exch pop 1 eq exch 1 eq and /_on exch def} bd
-/Ln {pop} bd /LB {/_on true def} bd
-% Images (8): the samples, in hex on the comment lines that follow XI, read a line at a time.
-/_l 256 string def /_s 128 string def
-/_row {{currentfile _l readline not {exit} if dup length 1 gt {exit} if pop} loop
- dup length 1 gt {dup length 1 sub 1 exch getinterval /ASCIIHexDecode filter _s readstring pop} {pop ()} ifelse} bd
-/XI {pop pop pop pop /_ic exch def /_ib exch def /_ih exch def /_iw exch def pop pop pop pop
- [1 0 0 -1 0 0] exch matrix concatmatrix
- _on {gsave concat _iw _ih _ib [1 0 0 1 0 0] /_row load false _ic 1 eq {1} {_ic} ifelse colorimage grestore} {pop} ifelse} bd
-% Type (15) is set by the app that reads the file: its operators take their operands and mark
-% nothing; encodings (3.3) are skipped.
-/TE {cleartomark} bd /TZ {cleartomark} bd
-/To {pop} bd /Tp {7 {pop} repeat} bd /TP {} bd /TO {} bd
-/Tr {pop} bd /Tf {pop pop pop pop} bd /Ts {pop} bd /Tz {pop pop} bd /Tt {pop} bd /TA {pop} bd
-/Tl {pop pop} bd /Ta {pop} bd /Ti {pop pop pop} bd /Tx {pop} bd
-% The page trailer (3): annotatepage marks nothing.
-/annotatepage {} bd
-end
-%%EndResource
-";
-
-/// The first line of a PostScript file (the DSC version comment).
-const PS_HEADER: &str = "%!PS-Adobe-3.0"; // brand-ok: the PostScript header comment
-
-/// A gradient definition: `%AI5_BeginGradient: (name)`, `(name) type stops Bd`, `[`, the stops
-/// (`colorSpec colorStyle midPoint rampPoint %_Bs`, each with its midpoint to the next stop), `BD`,
-/// `%AI5_EndGradient`. A linear gradient's stops are listed from the last to the first (§1.4.3). A
-/// radial gradient's stops are listed from the first to the last, as in §3.5.2's radial
-/// definition (10, then 100).
-fn gradient_def(s: &mut String, w: &Writer, name: &str, g: &Gradient) {
-    let name = latin_string(name);
-    let radial = g.kind == GradientKind::Radial;
-    let kind = if radial { 1 } else { 0 };
-    let _ = writeln!(s, "%AI5_BeginGradient: {name}\n{name} {kind} {} Bd\n[", g.stops.len());
-    let mut stops: Vec<_> = g.stops.iter().collect();
-    if !radial {
-        stops.reverse();
-    }
-    for stop in stops {
-        let paint = Paint::Solid { color: stop.color, swatch: stop.swatch.clone(), tint: stop.tint };
-        match w.ink(&paint) {
-            Ink::Gray(v) => {
-                ps::push_num(s, f64::from(v));
-                s.push_str(" 0 ");
-            }
-            Ink::Cmyk(c) => {
-                ps::push_nums(s, &c.map(f64::from));
-                s.push_str("1 ");
-            }
-            Ink::Rgb(c, rgb) => {
-                ps::push_nums(s, &c.map(f64::from));
-                ps::push_nums(s, &rgb.map(f64::from));
-                s.push_str("2 ");
-            }
-            Ink::Spot { cmyk, name, tint } => {
-                ps::push_nums(s, &cmyk.map(f64::from));
-                let _ = write!(s, "{} ", latin_string(w.spot_name(&name)));
-                ps::push_num(s, f64::from(1.0 - tint));
-                s.push_str(" 3 ");
-            }
-        }
-        ps::push_nums(s, &[f64::from(stop.midpoint) * 100.0, f64::from(stop.offset) * 100.0]);
-        s.push_str("%_Bs\n");
-    }
-    s.push_str("BD\n%AI5_EndGradient\n");
-}
-
-/// A colour as the format writes it.
-#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
-enum Ink {
-    /// Lightness (1 is white).
-    Gray(f32),
-    Cmyk([f32; 4]),
-    /// RGB, with its CMYK equivalent.
-    Rgb([f32; 4], [f32; 3]),
-    /// A spot colour's full CMYK equivalent, name and tint (1: full).
-    Spot {
-        cmyk: [f32; 4],
-        name: String,
-        tint: f32,
-    },
-}
-
-fn unit(v: f32) -> f32 {
-    if v.is_finite() { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 }
-}
-
-/// Can `a` be drawn through (a finite, non-flat map)?
-fn invertible(a: Affine) -> bool {
-    let det = a.determinant();
-    det.is_finite() && det.abs() > 1e-12
-}
-
-/// Name `name` as a PostScript string of its characters' Windows-1252 codes (a character outside
-/// Windows-1252 is left out: [`Writer::latin_name`] replaces them first).
-fn latin_string(name: &str) -> String {
-    let bytes: Vec<u8> = name.chars().filter_map(latin::encode).collect();
-    ps::bytes(&bytes)
-}
-
-struct Writer<'a> {
-    doc: &'a Document,
-    /// The document → art space.
-    to_art: Affine,
-    cms: Arc<Cms>,
-    body: String,
-    /// Gradient definitions, by the name objects use.
-    gradients: Vec<(String, Gradient)>,
-    /// Spot colors used: the name written and full CMYK equivalent.
-    spots: Vec<(String, [f32; 4])>,
-    /// The name each spot color (by its swatch's name) is written with ([`Self::spot`]).
-    spot_names: Vec<(String, String)>,
-    warnings: Vec<String>,
-    /// The lock state the last `A` set.
-    locked: bool,
-    /// Symbols and live objects being written inside one another.
-    nest: u32,
-    /// What to do with hidden objects.
-    hidden: HiddenObjects,
-    /// Type as outlines.
-    outline_text: bool,
-    /// The layer being written's hidden objects for its hidden layer, and whether each is locked.
-    hidden_art: Vec<(Node, bool)>,
-    /// Writing a layer that is hidden (or the hidden layer of one's hidden objects): hidden objects
-    /// are written where they are.
-    in_hidden: bool,
-    /// The fonts type is set in: PostScript name, and whether it's TrueType.
-    fonts: Vec<(String, bool)>,
-}
-
-impl<'a> Writer<'a> {
-    fn new(doc: &'a Document, to_art: Affine, o: &LegacyAiOptions) -> Self {
-        Self {
-            doc,
-            to_art,
-            cms: vectorcraft_color::cms::active(),
-            body: String::new(),
-            gradients: vec![],
-            spots: vec![],
-            spot_names: vec![],
-            warnings: vec![],
-            locked: false,
-            nest: 0,
-            hidden: o.hidden,
-            outline_text: o.outline_text,
-            hidden_art: vec![],
-            in_hidden: false,
-            fonts: vec![],
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn warn(&mut self, w: &str) {
-        if !self.warnings.iter().any(|x| x == w) {
-            self.warnings.push(w.to_string());
-        }
-    }
-
-    fn line(&mut self, s: &str) {
-        self.body.push_str(s);
-        self.body.push('\n');
-    }
-
-    // ---------- layers and objects ----------
-
-    /// `name` with each character outside Windows-1252 (the encoding type and names are written
-    /// in) replaced by `?`; adds the warning `warning` when it replaces one.
-    fn latin_name(&mut self, name: &str, warning: &str) -> String {
-        let mut lost = false;
-        let kept = name
-            .chars()
-            .map(|c| {
-                if latin::encode(c).is_some() {
-                    c
-                } else {
-                    lost = true;
-                    '?'
-                }
-            })
-            .collect();
-        if lost {
-            self.warn(warning);
-        }
-        kept
-    }
-
-    /// A layer's name as a PostScript string in Windows-1252, like the type; a character outside it
-    /// is written as `?`, with a warning.
-    fn layer_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> String {
-        latin_string(&self.latin_name(name, LAYER_NAME))
-    }
-
-    /// Note spot color `name` (its swatch's name), of full CMYK equivalent `cmyk`, as a custom
-    /// color of the document, and give the name it is written with. Its characters outside
-    /// Windows-1252 are written as `?` (with a warning), and it is numbered when another spot color
-    /// is already written with that name; the name is the same each time.
-    fn spot(&mut self, name: &str, cmyk: [f32; 4]) -> String {
-        let written = match self.spot_names.iter().find(|(n, _)| n == name) {
-            Some((_, w)) => w.clone(),
-            None => {
-                let base = self.latin_name(name, TITLE_AND_COLOR_NAMES);
-                let mut written = base.clone();
-                let mut i = 1;
-                while self.spot_names.iter().any(|(_, w)| *w == written) {
-                    i += 1;
-                    written = format!("{base} {i}");
-                }
-                self.spot_names.push((name.to_string(), written.clone()));
-                written
-            }
-        };
-        if !self.spots.iter().any(|(n, _)| *n == written) {
-            self.spots.push((written.clone(), cmyk));
-        }
-        written
-    }
-
-    /// The name spot color `name` (its swatch's name) is written with, once [`Self::spot`] has
-    /// noted it.
-    fn spot_name<'n>(&'n self, name: &'n str) -> &'n str {
-        self.spot_names.iter().find(|(n, _)| n == name).map_or(name, |(_, w)| w.as_str())
-    }
-
-    /// A top-level layer. False when it isn't a layer.
-    fn layer(&mut self, n: &Node) -> bool {
-        let NodeKind::Layer { color, template, printable, children, clip, preview, dim_images } = &n.kind else { return false };
-        let [r, g, b] = match color {
-            LayerColor::Preset(i) => LAYER_COLORS.get(usize::from(*i)).map_or([79, 128, 255], |c| c.1),
-            LayerColor::Custom(rgb) => *rgb,
-        };
-        let index = match color {
-            LayerColor::Preset(i) if usize::from(*i) < LAYER_COLORS.len() => i64::from(*i),
-            _ => -1,
-        };
-        let flag = |b: bool| u8::from(b);
-        let name = self.layer_name(n.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("Layer"));
-        // A template layer doesn't print and shows dimmed.
-        let _ = writeln!(
-            self.body,
-            "%AI5_BeginLayer\n{} {} {} {} {} 0 {index} {r} {g} {b} Lb\n{} Ln",
-            flag(n.visible),
-            flag(*preview),
-            flag(!n.locked),
-            flag(*printable && !*template),
-            flag(dim_images.is_some() || *template),
-            name,
-        );
-        self.locked = false;
-        self.line("0 A");
-        self.in_hidden = !n.visible;
-        self.contents(children, *clip, false);
-        self.in_hidden = false;
-        self.line("LB\n%AI5_EndLayer--");
-        true
-    }
-
-    /// The hidden layer of top-level layer `n`'s hidden objects, just above it (named after it,
-    /// with its colour, lock and printing). False when it has none.
-    fn hidden_layer(&mut self, n: &Node) -> bool {
-        if self.hidden_art.is_empty() {
-            return false;
-        }
-        let art = std::mem::take(&mut self.hidden_art);
-        let NodeKind::Layer { color, template, printable, .. } = &n.kind else { return false };
-        let [r, g, b] = match color {
-            LayerColor::Preset(i) => LAYER_COLORS.get(usize::from(*i)).map_or([79, 128, 255], |c| c.1),
-            LayerColor::Custom(rgb) => *rgb,
-        };
-        let index = match color {
-            LayerColor::Preset(i) if usize::from(*i) < LAYER_COLORS.len() => i64::from(*i),
-            _ => -1,
-        };
-        let name = format!("{} (hidden)", n.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("Layer"));
-        let name = self.layer_name(&name);
-        let _ = writeln!(
-            self.body,
-            "%AI5_BeginLayer\n0 1 {} {} {} 0 {index} {r} {g} {b} Lb\n{} Ln",
-            u8::from(!n.locked),
-            u8::from(*printable && !*template),
-            u8::from(*template),
-            name,
-        );
-        self.locked = false;
-        self.line("0 A");
-        self.in_hidden = true;
-        for (node, locked) in &art {
-            self.node(node, *locked);
-        }
-        self.in_hidden = false;
-        self.line("LB\n%AI5_EndLayer--");
-        true
-    }
-
-    /// A container's members, the first clipping the others when `clip`; `locked`: the container is.
-    fn contents(&mut self, children: &[Arc<Node>], clip: bool, locked: bool) {
-        if clip {
-            self.clip_group(children, locked);
-        } else {
-            for c in children {
-                self.node(c, locked);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Set the lock state of the objects that follow.
-    fn lock(&mut self, locked: bool) {
-        if locked != self.locked {
-            self.locked = locked;
-            self.line(if locked { "1 A" } else { "0 A" });
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// One object (inside a container locked when `locked`).
-    fn node(&mut self, n: &Node, locked: bool) {
-        if !n.visible && !self.in_hidden {
-            match self.hidden {
-                HiddenObjects::Omit => {
-                    self.warn(HIDDEN);
-                    return;
-                }
-                HiddenObjects::Layer => {
-                    self.warn(HIDDEN_LAYER);
-                    self.hidden_art.push((n.clone(), locked || n.locked));
-                    return;
-                }
-                HiddenObjects::Visible => self.warn(HIDDEN_SHOWN),
-            }
-        }
-        if n.opacity < 1.0 || n.blend != BlendMode::Normal || n.extras().mask.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| !m.disabled) {
-            self.warn(TRANSPARENCY);
-        }
-        if n.name.as_deref().is_some_and(|s| !s.is_empty()) && !n.is_layer() {
-            self.warn(NAMES);
-        }
-        let locked = locked || n.locked;
-        match &n.kind {
-            NodeKind::Layer { children, clip, .. } => {
-                self.warn(SUBLAYERS);
-                self.group(children, *clip, locked);
-            }
-            NodeKind::Group { children, clip } => self.group(children, *clip, locked),
-            NodeKind::Path { path, rule, guide, .. } => {
-                self.lock(locked);
-                if *guide {
-                    self.guide(path);
-                } else {
-                    self.shape(n, path, *rule);
-                }
-            }
-            NodeKind::Compound { children, rule } => {
-                self.lock(locked);
-                let mut subpaths = vec![];
-                for p in children.iter().filter_map(|c| c.path_data()) {
-                    subpaths.extend(p.subpaths.iter().cloned());
-                }
-                self.shape(n, &PathData::new(subpaths), *rule);
-            }
-            NodeKind::Text(t) => {
-                self.lock(locked);
-                self.text(t);
-            }
-            NodeKind::Image(im) => {
-                self.lock(locked);
-                self.image(self.doc.image_blob(im), im.width, im.height, im.xf);
-            }
-            NodeKind::SymbolInstance { symbol, xf } => {
-                self.warn(LIVE);
-                if let Some(sym) = self.doc.symbols.iter().find(|s| &s.name == symbol)
-                    && self.nest < MAX_NEST
-                {
-                    let mut art = (*sym.art).clone();
-                    art.transform(*xf, false);
-                    art.visible = true;
-                    self.nest += 1;
-                    self.node(&art, locked);
-                    self.nest -= 1;
-                }
-            }
-            NodeKind::Blend { .. }
-            | NodeKind::Envelope { .. }
-            | NodeKind::Mesh(_)
-            | NodeKind::Repeat(_)
-            | NodeKind::PlacedDocument(_)
-            | NodeKind::Intertwine { .. } => {
-                self.warn(LIVE);
-                if self.nest < MAX_NEST {
-                    let g = vectorcraft_effects::expand_live_deep(Some(self.doc), n);
-                    self.nest += 1;
-                    if let Some(children) = g.children() {
-                        self.group(children, false, locked);
-                    }
-                    self.nest -= 1;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// A group (`u` … `U`), or a clipping group (`q` … `Q`).
-    fn group(&mut self, children: &[Arc<Node>], clip: bool, locked: bool) {
-        if children.is_empty() {
-            return;
-        }
-        self.lock(locked);
-        if clip {
-            self.clip_group(children, locked);
-        } else {
-            self.line("u");
-            self.contents(children, false, locked);
-            self.lock(locked);
-            self.line("U");
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// A clipping group: its first member's outline clips the others (`h W n`). That member's fills
-    /// paint behind the art, inside the clip, and its strokes over it, outside.
-    fn clip_group(&mut self, children: &[Arc<Node>], locked: bool) {
-        let Some((clip, rest)) = children.split_first() else { return };
-        // Nothing to clip by hides the clipped art.
-        let Some((outline, rule)) = vectorcraft_effects::clip_outline(clip) else { return };
-        let paint = clip.clip_paint();
-        self.lock(locked);
-        self.line("q");
-        let path = PathData::from_bezpath(&outline);
-        self.fill_rule(rule);
-        let several = path.subpaths.len() > 1;
-        if several {
-            self.line("*u");
-        }
-        for sp in path.subpaths.iter().filter(|sp| !sp.anchors.is_empty()) {
-            self.mask(sp);
-        }
-        if several {
-            self.line("*U");
-        }
-        if let Some(fill) = &paint.fill {
-            self.node(fill, locked);
-        }
-        for c in rest {
-            self.node(c, locked);
-        }
-        self.lock(locked);
-        self.line("Q");
-        if let Some(stroke) = &paint.stroke {
-            self.node(stroke, locked);
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ---------- paths ----------
-
-    /// A clipping path (§5.6.2): its points, `h` (closed) or `H`, `W`, then painted with nothing.
-    fn mask(&mut self, sp: &SubPath) {
-        self.subpath(sp);
-        self.line(if sp.closed { "h\nW\nn" } else { "H\nW\nN" });
-    }
-
-    /// A guide (§6): `(N) *`, its path, `(N) *`.
-    fn guide(&mut self, path: &PathData) {
-        for sp in path.subpaths.iter().filter(|sp| !sp.anchors.is_empty()) {
-            self.line("(N) *");
-            self.subpath(sp);
-            self.line("(N) *");
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// A path's fills and strokes: one object with one fill and a plain stroke over it where it
-    /// can be, else a group of an object for each (in paint order).
-    fn shape(&mut self, n: &Node, path: &PathData, rule: FillRule) {
-        if path.is_empty() {
-            return;
-        }
-        let items: Vec<&AppearanceItem> = n
-            .appearance
-            .items
-            .iter()
-            .filter(|i| match i {
-                AppearanceItem::Fill(f) => f.visible && !f.paint.is_none(),
-                AppearanceItem::Stroke(s) => s.visible && !s.paint.is_none() && s.width > 0.0 && s.width.is_finite(),
-            })
-            .collect();
-        for i in &items {
-            if i.opacity() < 1.0 || i.blend() != BlendMode::Normal {
-                self.warn(TRANSPARENCY);
-            }
-        }
-        match items.as_slice() {
-            [] => self.path_object(path, rule, None, None),
-            [AppearanceItem::Fill(f)] if direct_fill(&f.paint) => self.path_object(path, rule, Some(f), None),
-            [AppearanceItem::Stroke(s)] if direct_stroke(s) => self.path_object(path, rule, None, Some(s)),
-            [AppearanceItem::Fill(f), AppearanceItem::Stroke(s)] if direct_fill(&f.paint) && direct_stroke(s) => {
-                self.path_object(path, rule, Some(f), Some(s))
-            }
-            [one] => self.item(path, rule, one),
-            items => {
-                self.line("u");
-                for i in items {
-                    self.item(path, rule, i);
-                }
-                self.line("U");
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// One fill or stroke of a path as an object of its own.
-    fn item(&mut self, path: &PathData, rule: FillRule, item: &AppearanceItem) {
-        match item {
-            AppearanceItem::Fill(f) => self.fill_object(path, rule, f),
-            AppearanceItem::Stroke(s) if direct_stroke(s) => self.path_object(path, rule, None, Some(s)),
-            AppearanceItem::Stroke(s) => {
-                self.warn(STROKES);
-                let outline = stroke::outline_region(path, rule, s);
-                let fill = FillLayer { overprint: s.overprint, ..FillLayer::new(s.paint.clone()) };
-                self.fill_object(&outline, FillRule::NonZero, &fill);
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// A fill as an object of its own: patterns as their tiles clipped to the path.
-    fn fill_object(&mut self, path: &PathData, rule: FillRule, f: &FillLayer) {
-        if direct_fill(&f.paint) {
-            return self.path_object(path, rule, Some(f), None);
-        }
-        let Paint::Pattern { pattern, xf } = &f.paint else {
-            // A freeform gradient: its average colour.
-            self.warn(FREEFORM);
-            let color = match &f.paint {
-                Paint::Gradient(g) => average(&g.gradient),
-                _ => Color::gray(0.5),
-            };
-            let flat = FillLayer { paint: Paint::solid(color), ..f.clone() };
-            return self.path_object(path, rule, Some(&flat), None);
-        };
-        self.warn(PATTERNS);
-        let doc = self.doc;
-        let Some(def) = doc.pattern(pattern) else {
-            let flat = FillLayer { paint: Paint::solid(Color::gray(0.5)), ..f.clone() };
-            return self.path_object(path, rule, Some(&flat), None);
-        };
-        let area = path.to_bezpath().bounding_box();
-        let tiles = def.instances_in(*xf, area);
-        self.line("q");
-        self.fill_rule(rule);
-        let several = path.subpaths.len() > 1;
-        if several {
-            self.line("*u");
-        }
-        for sp in path.subpaths.iter().filter(|sp| !sp.anchors.is_empty()) {
-            self.mask(sp);
-        }
-        if several {
-            self.line("*U");
-        }
-        let locked = self.locked;
-        for t in &tiles {
-            self.node(t, locked);
-        }
-        self.lock(locked);
-        self.line("Q");
-    }
-
-    /// A path object painted with `fill` (a colour or a linear or radial gradient) and `stroke`
-    /// (a plain line of a colour) over it; several subpaths make a compound path.
-    fn path_object(&mut self, path: &PathData, rule: FillRule, fill: Option<&FillLayer>, stroke: Option<&StrokeLayer>) {
-        let subpaths: Vec<&SubPath> = path.subpaths.iter().filter(|sp| !sp.anchors.is_empty()).collect();
-        if subpaths.is_empty() {
-            return;
-        }
-        let gradient = match fill.map(|f| &f.paint) {
-            Some(Paint::Gradient(g)) => Some(self.gradient(g, path.to_bezpath().bounding_box())),
-            _ => None,
-        };
-        if let Some(f) = fill {
-            let paint = match &f.paint {
-                // The colour under the gradient: its first stop's.
-                Paint::Gradient(g) => g.gradient.stops.first().map_or(Paint::None, |s| Paint::solid(s.color)),
-                p => p.clone(),
-            };
-            self.color(&paint, false);
-            self.line(if f.overprint { "1 O" } else { "0 O" });
-        }
-        if let Some(s) = stroke {
-            self.color(&s.paint, true);
-            self.line(if s.overprint { "1 R" } else { "0 R" });
-            self.line_style(s);
-        }
-        self.fill_rule(rule);
-        let op = match (fill.is_some(), stroke.is_some()) {
-            (true, true) => 'b',
-            (true, false) => 'f',
-            (false, true) => 's',
-            (false, false) => 'n',
-        };
-        let several = subpaths.len() > 1;
-        if several {
-            self.line("*u");
-        }
-        for sp in subpaths {
-            self.subpath(sp);
-            if let Some(g) = &gradient {
-                // The gradient fills between `Bb` and `BB`, whose flag strokes the path too (§3.5.3).
-                self.body.push_str(g);
-                self.line(if sp.closed { "f" } else { "F" });
-                self.line(match (stroke.is_some(), sp.closed) {
-                    (false, _) => "0 BB",
-                    (true, false) => "1 BB",
-                    (true, true) => "2 BB",
-                });
-            } else {
-                self.line(&if sp.closed { op.to_string() } else { op.to_ascii_uppercase().to_string() });
-            }
-        }
-        if several {
-            self.line("*U");
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// `rule` as `XR` (1: even-odd).
-    fn fill_rule(&mut self, rule: FillRule) {
-        self.line(if rule == FillRule::EvenOdd { "1 XR" } else { "0 XR" });
-    }
-
-    /// One subpath's points, in art space: `m`, then a line or curve to each point (lower case: the
-    /// point is smooth, upper case: a corner, §5.3.2), and for a closed one the segment back to the
-    /// start, which says whether the start is smooth or a corner (as the specification's examples
-    /// close paths: the start point again, then the painting operator).
-    fn subpath(&mut self, sp: &SubPath) {
-        let Some(first) = sp.anchors.first() else { return };
-        let xf = self.to_art;
-        let s = &mut self.body;
-        let pt = |s: &mut String, p: Point| {
-            let p = xf * p;
-            ps::push_nums(s, &[p.x, p.y]);
-        };
-        pt(s, first.p);
-        s.push_str("m\n");
-        let segment = |s: &mut String, a: &vectorcraft_geom::Anchor, b: &vectorcraft_geom::Anchor| {
-            let straight = a.h_out == a.p && b.h_in == b.p;
-            let smooth = b.kind == AnchorKind::Smooth;
-            if straight {
-                pt(s, b.p);
-                s.push_str(if smooth { "l\n" } else { "L\n" });
-            } else {
-                pt(s, a.h_out);
-                pt(s, b.h_in);
-                pt(s, b.p);
-                s.push_str(if smooth { "c\n" } else { "C\n" });
-            }
-        };
-        for pair in sp.anchors.windows(2) {
-            if let [a, b] = pair {
-                segment(s, a, b);
-            }
-        }
-        if sp.closed
-            && sp.anchors.len() > 1
-            && let Some(last) = sp.anchors.last()
-        {
-            segment(s, last, first);
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// The stroke's width, cap, join, miter limit and dashes: `w J j M d`.
-    fn line_style(&mut self, st: &StrokeLayer) {
-        let cap = match st.cap {
-            LineCap::Butt => 0,
-            LineCap::Round => 1,
-            LineCap::Square => 2,
-        };
-        let join = match st.join {
-            LineJoin::Miter => 0,
-            LineJoin::Round => 1,
-            LineJoin::Bevel => 2,
-        };
-        let s = &mut self.body;
-        ps::push_num(s, st.width);
-        let _ = write!(s, " w {cap} J {join} j ");
-        ps::push_num(s, if st.miter_limit.is_finite() { st.miter_limit.max(1.0) } else { 10.0 });
-        s.push_str(" M [");
-        let dash = st.dash.as_ref().filter(|d| d.is_dashed());
-        if let Some(d) = dash {
-            ps::push_nums(s, &d.pattern);
-            s.pop();
-        }
-        s.push_str("] ");
-        ps::push_num(s, dash.map_or(0.0, |d| d.offset));
-        s.push_str(" d\n");
-    }
-
-    // ---------- colour ----------
-
-    /// How `p` (a solid paint) is written.
-    fn ink(&self, p: &Paint) -> Ink {
-        let Paint::Solid { color, swatch, tint } = p else { return Ink::Gray(0.0) };
-        let doc = self.doc;
-        let intent = self.cms.settings().intent;
-        if let Some(name) = swatch
-            && let Some(sw) = doc.swatch(name).filter(|s| s.spot)
-            && let Some(full) = sw.paint.color()
-        {
-            let full = doc.linked_color(full, true);
-            return Ink::Spot { cmyk: self.cms.to_cmyk(&full, intent).map(unit), name: name.clone(), tint: unit(*tint) };
-        }
-        match *color {
-            // Grey is ink coverage; the format's grey is lightness.
-            Color::Gray { k } => Ink::Gray(unit(1.0 - k)),
-            Color::Cmyk { c, m, y, k } => Ink::Cmyk([c, m, y, k].map(unit)),
-            Color::Rgb { r, g, b } => Ink::Rgb(self.cms.to_cmyk(color, intent).map(unit), [r, g, b].map(unit)),
-            Color::Lab { .. } => {
-                let rgb = color.to_rgb().map(unit);
-                Ink::Rgb(self.cms.to_cmyk(color, intent).map(unit), rgb)
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// Set the fill (or with `stroke`, the stroke) colour to solid paint `p`.
-    fn color(&mut self, p: &Paint, stroke: bool) {
-        let ink = match self.ink(p) {
-            Ink::Spot { cmyk, name, tint } => Ink::Spot { name: self.spot(&name, cmyk), cmyk, tint },
-            ink => ink,
-        };
-        let op = |fill: &'static str, line: &'static str| if stroke { line } else { fill };
-        let s = &mut self.body;
-        match ink {
-            Ink::Gray(v) => {
-                ps::push_num(s, f64::from(v));
-                let _ = writeln!(s, " {}", op("g", "G"));
-            }
-            Ink::Cmyk(c) => {
-                ps::push_nums(s, &c.map(f64::from));
-                let _ = writeln!(s, "{}", op("k", "K"));
-            }
-            Ink::Rgb(_, rgb) => {
-                ps::push_nums(s, &rgb.map(f64::from));
-                let _ = writeln!(s, "{}", op("Xa", "XA"));
-            }
-            Ink::Spot { cmyk, name, tint } => {
-                ps::push_nums(s, &cmyk.map(f64::from));
-                let _ = write!(s, "{} ", latin_string(&name));
-                // The format's tint is how much lighter than the full colour (0: full).
-                ps::push_num(s, f64::from(1.0 - tint));
-                let _ = writeln!(s, " {}", op("x", "X"));
-            }
-        }
-    }
-
-    // ---------- gradients ----------
-
-    /// The definition gradient `g` uses (defined once for each distinct gradient), and its
-    /// instance on a path of bounds `bounds`: `Bb`, a radial's highlight `x y angle fraction Bh`
-    /// (its distance a fraction of the radius, at most 1, §3.5.5; `0 0 0 0 Bh` at the center,
-    /// §3.5.6), `1 (name) x y angle length 1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg`.
-    fn gradient(&mut self, g: &GradientPaint, bounds: Rect) -> String {
-        let name = self.define(&g.gradient, g.swatch.as_deref());
-        for stop in &g.gradient.stops {
-            if stop.opacity < 1.0 {
-                self.warn(TRANSPARENCY);
-            }
-            if let Some(sw) = &stop.swatch {
-                // Spot colours in stops are custom colours too.
-                let p = Paint::Solid { color: stop.color, swatch: Some(sw.clone()), tint: stop.tint };
-                if let Ink::Spot { cmyk, name, .. } = self.ink(&p) {
-                    self.spot(&name, cmyk);
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        let geom = g.resolve(bounds);
-        let (start, end) = (self.to_art * geom.start, self.to_art * geom.end);
-        let d = end - start;
-        let (angle, length) = (d.y.atan2(d.x).to_degrees(), d.hypot());
-        // The matrix is relative to the origin of a canvas whose size the specification doesn't
-        // give (§3.5.4), so it stays the identity: an elliptical radial is written circular.
-        if g.gradient.kind == GradientKind::Radial && (geom.aspect - 1.0).abs() > 1e-6 {
-            self.warn(ELLIPTICAL);
-        }
-        let mut s = String::from("Bb\n");
-        if g.gradient.kind == GradientKind::Radial {
-            // Every radial instance has a highlight (§3.5.5), `0 0 0 0 Bh` at the center (§3.5.6).
-            // It lies within the gradient's circle: one past the radius is written on it.
-            let off: Vec2 = geom.focal.map_or(Vec2::ZERO, |f| self.to_art * f - start);
-            let fraction = if off.hypot() > 1e-9 && length > 1e-9 { off.hypot() / length } else { 0.0 };
-            let (off, angle) = if fraction > 0.0 { (off / fraction.max(1.0), off.y.atan2(off.x).to_degrees()) } else { (Vec2::ZERO, 0.0) };
-            ps::push_nums(&mut s, &[off.x, off.y, angle, fraction.min(1.0)]);
-            s.push_str("Bh\n");
-        }
-        s.push_str("1 ");
-        s.push_str(&latin_string(&name));
-        s.push(' ');
-        ps::push_nums(&mut s, &[start.x, start.y, angle, length]);
-        s.push_str("1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg\n");
-        s
-    }
-
-    /// The name of the definition of `g` (its swatch's name when it has one, with each character
-    /// outside Windows-1252 written as `?` and a warning), defined the first time.
-    fn define(&mut self, g: &Gradient, swatch: Option<&str>) -> String {
-        if let Some((name, _)) = self.gradients.iter().find(|(_, d)| d == g) {
-            return name.clone();
-        }
-        let taken = |n: &str, defs: &[(String, Gradient)]| defs.iter().any(|(m, _)| m == n);
-        let base = self.latin_name(swatch.filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).unwrap_or("Gradient"), TITLE_AND_COLOR_NAMES);
-        let mut name = base.clone();
-        let mut i = 1;
-        while taken(&name, &self.gradients) {
-            i += 1;
-            name = format!("{base} {i}");
-        }
-        self.gradients.push((name.clone(), g.clone()));
-        name
-    }
-
-    // ---------- type ----------
-
-    /// Type: a text object when the format can hold it as text, else its outlines.
-    fn text(&mut self, t: &TextObject) {
-        if !invertible(t.xf) {
-            return;
-        }
-        if !self.outline_text {
-            if writable(t) {
-                return self.text_object(t);
-            }
-            self.warn(TYPE);
-        }
-        self.outlines(t);
-    }
-
-    /// A text object (§15): `type To`, the text path (`a b c d tx ty startPt Tp`, an area's frame
-    /// or the path type runs along, `TP`), then each run's style and characters, `TO`. The matrix
-    /// takes text space (y up, the first baseline's start for point type) to art space; the frame
-    /// and path are in art space, as the specification's examples have them (§15.5).
-    fn text_object(&mut self, t: &TextObject) {
-        if lost_attributes(t) {
-            self.warn(TYPE_ATTRIBUTES);
-        }
-        // Area type that Shrink Text to Fit scales down is written in the styles it draws in.
-        let fitted = matches!((&t.kind, t.area.fit), (TextKind::Area { .. }, vectorcraft_doc::AreaFit::ShrinkText { .. }))
-            .then(|| vectorcraft_text::layout(vectorcraft_text::FontDb::global(), t).fit_scale)
-            .filter(|f| *f != 1.0)
-            .map(|f| vectorcraft_text::scaled(t, f));
-        let t = fitted.as_ref().unwrap_or(t);
-        let m = self.to_art * t.xf * Affine::new([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
-        let (kind, path, start) = match &t.kind {
-            TextKind::Point => (0, None, 0.0),
-            TextKind::Area { frame } => (1, frame.subpaths.iter().find(|sp| !sp.anchors.is_empty()).cloned(), 0.0),
-            TextKind::OnPath { path, .. } => {
-                let sp = path.subpaths.iter().find(|sp| !sp.anchors.is_empty()).cloned();
-                let fraction = t.kind.path_span().map_or(0.0, |(s, _)| s);
-                let start = sp
-                    .as_ref()
-                    .map_or(0.0, |sp| segment_point(&PathData::new(vec![sp.clone()]).transformed(self.to_art * t.xf).to_bezpath(), fraction));
-                (2, sp, start)
-            }
-        };
-        let _ = writeln!(self.body, "{kind} To");
-        let [a, b, c, d, e, f] = m.as_coeffs();
-        ps::push_nums(&mut self.body, &[a, b, c, d, e, f, start]);
-        self.line("Tp");
-        if let Some(sp) = path {
-            let placed = SubPath::new(sp.anchors.iter().map(|a| a.transform(t.xf)).collect(), sp.closed);
-            self.subpath(&placed);
-            self.line(if sp.closed { "n" } else { "N" });
-        }
-        self.line("TP");
-        let mut para = 0usize;
-        let mut para_start = true;
-        for run in &t.runs {
-            let text = if run.style.all_caps { run.text.to_uppercase() } else { run.text.clone() };
-            let mut pieces = text.split('\n').peekable();
-            while let Some(piece) = pieces.next() {
-                let ends_paragraph = pieces.peek().is_some();
-                if piece.is_empty() && !ends_paragraph {
-                    continue;
-                }
-                if para_start {
-                    self.paragraph(t.para_at(para));
-                    para_start = false;
-                }
-                self.char_style(&run.style, t.para_at(para));
-                let mut bytes: Vec<u8> = piece.chars().filter_map(latin::encode).collect();
-                if ends_paragraph {
-                    bytes.push(b'\r');
-                    para += 1;
-                    para_start = true;
-                }
-                self.body.push_str(&ps::bytes(&bytes));
-                self.line(" Tx");
-            }
-        }
-        self.line("TO");
-    }
-
-    /// A paragraph's attributes: alignment `Ta` and indents `Ti` (first line's, left, right).
-    fn paragraph(&mut self, p: &ParaStyle) {
-        let align = match p.justify {
-            Justify::Auto if p.direction == Some(ParaDirection::RightToLeft) => 2,
-            Justify::Auto | Justify::Left => 0,
-            Justify::Center => 1,
-            Justify::Right => 2,
-            Justify::JustifyLeft | Justify::JustifyCenter | Justify::JustifyRight => 3,
-            Justify::JustifyAll => 4,
-        };
-        let _ = writeln!(self.body, "{align} Ta");
-        ps::push_nums(&mut self.body, &[p.first_line_indent, p.left_indent, p.right_indent]);
-        self.line("Ti");
-    }
-
-    /// A run's character attributes and paint style: `Tr`, its fill and stroke, `Tf`, `Ts`, `Tz`,
-    /// `Tt`, `TA`, and the leading with the space before its paragraph, `Tl`.
-    fn char_style(&mut self, st: &CharStyle, p: &ParaStyle) {
-        let fill = !st.fill.is_none();
-        let stroke = st.has_stroke();
-        let render = match (fill, stroke) {
-            (true, false) => 0,
-            (false, true) => 1,
-            (true, true) => 2,
-            (false, false) => 3,
-        };
-        let _ = writeln!(self.body, "{render} Tr");
-        if fill {
-            self.color(&st.fill, false);
-            self.line(if st.overprint_fill { "1 O" } else { "0 O" });
-        }
-        if stroke {
-            self.color(&st.stroke, true);
-            self.line(if st.overprint_stroke { "1 R" } else { "0 R" });
-            self.line_style(&st.stroke_layer());
-        }
-        let (name, truetype, ascent, descent) = font_of(st);
-        if !self.fonts.iter().any(|(n, _)| *n == name) {
-            self.fonts.push((name.clone(), truetype));
-        }
-        let size = finite(st.size, 12.0);
-        let _ = write!(self.body, "/_{name} ");
-        ps::push_nums(&mut self.body, &[size, ascent * size, descent * size]);
-        self.line("Tf");
-        ps::push_num(&mut self.body, finite(st.baseline_shift, 0.0));
-        self.line(" Ts");
-        ps::push_nums(&mut self.body, &[finite(st.h_scale, 100.0), finite(st.v_scale, 100.0)]);
-        self.line("Tz");
-        ps::push_num(&mut self.body, finite(st.tracking, 0.0));
-        self.line(" Tt");
-        self.line(if st.kerning.is_none() { "1 TA" } else { "0 TA" });
-        ps::push_nums(&mut self.body, &[finite(st.effective_leading(), size * 1.2), finite(p.space_before, 0.0)]);
-        self.line("Tl");
-    }
-
-    /// Type as its glyphs' outlines: a group of a compound path for each run, with the run's fill
-    /// and stroke.
-    fn outlines(&mut self, t: &TextObject) {
-        let layout = vectorcraft_text::layout(vectorcraft_text::FontDb::global(), t);
-        let scale = t.xf.determinant().abs().sqrt();
-        self.line("u");
-        for (i, run) in t.runs.iter().enumerate() {
-            let mut bp = BezPath::new();
-            // Ruby (furigana) glyphs in their base text's run's paint, as the canvas draws them.
-            for g in layout.glyphs.iter().chain(&layout.ruby).filter(|g| g.run == i) {
-                bp.extend(g.outline.iter());
-            }
-            if bp.elements().is_empty() {
-                continue;
-            }
-            bp.apply_affine(t.xf);
-            let path = PathData::from_bezpath(&bp);
-            let fill =
-                (!run.style.fill.is_none()).then(|| FillLayer { overprint: run.style.overprint_fill, ..FillLayer::new(run.style.fill.clone()) });
-            let stroke = run.style.has_stroke().then(|| {
-                let mut s = run.style.stroke_layer();
-                s.width *= scale;
-                s
-            });
-            let items: Vec<AppearanceItem> = fill.map(AppearanceItem::Fill).into_iter().chain(stroke.map(AppearanceItem::Stroke)).collect();
-            let mut n = Node::path(vectorcraft_doc::NodeId(0), path.clone(), vectorcraft_doc::Appearance::default());
-            n.appearance = vectorcraft_doc::Appearance { items, ..vectorcraft_doc::Appearance::default() }.into();
-            self.shape(&n, &path, FillRule::NonZero);
-        }
-        // Colour bitmap glyphs (emoji): their images, which the runs' paint doesn't paint.
-        for g in &layout.glyphs {
-            if let Some((image, to_text)) = g.placed_image() {
-                self.image(Some(&image.blob), image.width, image.height, t.xf * to_text);
-            }
-            // COLR glyphs: their layers, as art.
-            if let Some(art) = g.placed_colour(t.xf) {
-                self.node(&art, false);
-            }
-        }
-        self.line("U");
-    }
-
-    // ---------- images ----------
-
-    /// An image (§8): `%AI5_File:`, `%AI5_BeginRaster`, its matrix (an art-space matrix applied to
-    /// the pixels with their rows running downwards, `(u, -v)`) as `[ a b c d tx ty ]` and its
-    /// operands with `XI`, its RGB samples in hex on comment lines of [`HEX_LINE`] digits,
-    /// `%AI5_EndRaster`, then `F`. §8.4's examples have no `F`; without it, an app reading the file
-    /// can leave out an image in a clipping group and the art after it. No path is open there, so
-    /// the `F` paints nothing. `blob` holds the pixels, placed as a grid of `width` × `height`
-    /// by `xf`.
-    fn image(&mut self, blob: Option<&ImageBlob>, width: u32, height: u32, xf: Affine) {
-        let flip = Affine::new([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
-        let m = self.to_art * xf * flip;
-        if !invertible(m) {
-            return;
-        }
-        if blob.is_some_and(|b| b.bytes.is_empty()) {
-            self.warn(LARGE_IMAGE);
-            return;
-        }
-        let Some(img) = blob.and_then(|b| image::load_from_memory(&b.bytes).ok()) else {
-            self.warn(UNDECODED);
-            return;
-        };
-        let (w, h) = (img.width(), img.height());
-        if w == 0 || h == 0 || u64::from(w) * u64::from(h) > MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS {
-            self.warn(LARGE_IMAGE);
-            return;
-        }
-        // The object places the image's own pixel grid (its width × height) wherever the file's is.
-        let fit = Affine::scale_non_uniform(f64::from(width.max(1)) / f64::from(w), f64::from(height.max(1)) / f64::from(h));
-        let m = self.to_art * xf * fit * flip;
-        let rgba = img.to_rgba8();
-        let mut hex = String::with_capacity(rgba.len() / 4 * 7);
-        hex.push('%');
-        let mut on_line = 0;
-        let mut see_through = false;
-        for px in rgba.pixels() {
-            let [r, g, b, a] = px.0;
-            if a < 255 {
-                see_through = true;
-            }
-            // Over white.
-            let over = |c: u8| ((u32::from(c) * u32::from(a) + 255 * (255 - u32::from(a)) + 127) / 255) as u8;
-            for c in [over(r), over(g), over(b)] {
-                let _ = write!(hex, "{c:02X}");
-                on_line += 2;
-                if on_line >= HEX_LINE {
-                    hex.push_str("\n%");
-                    on_line = 0;
-                }
-            }
-        }
-        if hex.ends_with('%') {
-            hex.pop();
-        } else {
-            hex.push('\n');
-        }
-        if see_through {
-            self.warn(IMAGE_ALPHA);
-        }
-        let [a, b, c, d, e, f] = m.as_coeffs();
-        let s = &mut self.body;
-        s.push_str("%AI5_File:\n%AI5_BeginRaster\n[ ");
-        ps::push_nums(s, &[a, b, c, d, e, f]);
-        let _ = writeln!(s, "] 0 0 {w} {h} {w} {h} 8 3 0 0 0 0 XI");
-        s.push_str(&hex);
-        s.push_str("%AI5_EndRaster\nF\n");
-    }
-}
-
-/// Can type `t` be written as text: horizontal, without ruby (which a text object can't hold), its
-/// runs plain characters (no inline graphics) that 8-bit text can hold, filled and stroked with
-/// colours?
-fn writable(t: &TextObject) -> bool {
-    let solid = |p: &Paint| matches!(p, Paint::Solid { .. } | Paint::None);
-    !t.vertical
-        && t.ruby.is_empty()
-        && t.runs.iter().any(|r| !r.text.is_empty())
-        && t.runs.iter().all(|r| {
-            r.inline.is_none()
-                && solid(&r.style.fill)
-                && solid(&r.style.stroke)
-                && (if r.style.all_caps { r.text.to_uppercase() } else { r.text.clone() }).chars().all(|c| latin::encode(c).is_some())
-        })
-}
-
-/// Has type `t` attributes a legacy `.ai` text object can't hold (lost when it's written as text)?
-fn lost_attributes(t: &TextObject) -> bool {
-    let run_lost = |s: &CharStyle| {
-        s.underline
-            || s.strikethrough
-            || s.small_caps.is_some()
-            || s.position != CharPosition::Normal
-            || s.rotation != 0.0
-            || !s.features.is_empty()
-            || !s.font_axes.is_empty()
-    };
-    let para_lost = |p: &ParaStyle| p.space_after != 0.0 || !p.tabs.is_empty() || p.list.is_some();
-    t.runs.iter().any(|r| run_lost(&r.style))
-        || t.paragraph_styles().iter().any(para_lost)
-        || (matches!(t.kind, TextKind::Area { .. }) && t.area != AreaOptions::default())
-        || (matches!(t.kind, TextKind::OnPath { .. }) && (t.path_effect != PathEffect::default() || t.path_spacing != 0.0))
-}
-
-/// The font type in style `st` is set in: its PostScript name, whether it's TrueType, and its
-/// ascent and descent (ems). A font that isn't installed is named after its family and style.
-fn font_of(st: &CharStyle) -> (String, bool, f64, f64) {
-    let db = vectorcraft_text::FontDb::global();
-    match db.face_version(&st.font_family, &st.font_style, st.font_version.as_deref()) {
-        Some(face) => {
-            let (ascent, descent) = face.vertical_metrics();
-            let em = face.units_per_em().max(1.0);
-            let name = face.postscript_name();
-            (name, face.is_truetype(), ascent / em, descent / em)
-        }
-        None => {
-            let squeeze = |s: &str| -> String { s.chars().filter(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric()).collect() };
-            let style = squeeze(&st.font_style);
-            let name =
-                if style.is_empty() || style == "Regular" { squeeze(&st.font_family) } else { format!("{}-{style}", squeeze(&st.font_family)) };
-            (if name.is_empty() { "Helvetica".into() } else { name }, false, 0.75, 0.25)
-        }
-    }
-}
-
-/// `v`, or `default` when it isn't finite.
-fn finite(v: f64, default: f64) -> f64 {
-    if v.is_finite() { v } else { default }
-}
-
-/// Where a fraction of `path`'s length is, as the start of type on a path gives it (§15.5.2): the
-/// index of the segment it's on, plus how far along that segment (its curve parameter).
-fn segment_point(path: &BezPath, fraction: f64) -> f64 {
-    use kurbo::ParamCurveArclen;
-    const ACCURACY: f64 = 1e-3;
-    let segments: Vec<kurbo::PathSeg> = path.segments().collect();
-    let lengths: Vec<f64> = segments.iter().map(|s| s.arclen(ACCURACY)).collect();
-    let total: f64 = lengths.iter().sum();
-    if !(total.is_finite() && total > 0.0) {
-        return 0.0;
-    }
-    let mut left = fraction.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * total;
-    for (i, (seg, len)) in segments.iter().zip(&lengths).enumerate() {
-        if left <= *len || i + 1 == segments.len() {
-            let t = if *len > 0.0 { seg.inv_arclen(left.min(*len), ACCURACY) } else { 0.0 };
-            return i as f64 + t.clamp(0.0, 0.9999);
-        }
-        left -= len;
-    }
-    0.0
-}
-
-/// Can `p` paint a path object's fill directly (a colour or a linear or radial gradient)?
-fn direct_fill(p: &Paint) -> bool {
-    match p {
-        Paint::Solid { .. } => true,
-        Paint::Gradient(g) => g.gradient.kind != GradientKind::Freeform && !g.gradient.stops.is_empty(),
-        _ => false,
-    }
-}
-
-/// Can stroke `s` be written as the stroke of a path object (a plain line of a colour)?
-fn direct_stroke(s: &StrokeLayer) -> bool {
-    matches!(s.paint, Paint::Solid { .. }) && stroke::is_plain(s)
-}
-
-/// The average colour of a gradient's stops (in RGB).
-fn average(g: &Gradient) -> Color {
-    let n = g.stops.len().max(1) as f32;
-    let sum = g.stops.iter().map(|s| s.color.to_rgb()).fold([0.0f32; 3], |a, c| [a[0] + c[0], a[1] + c[1], a[2] + c[2]]);
-    Color::rgb(unit(sum[0] / n), unit(sum[1] / n), unit(sum[2] / n))
-}
-
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
diff --git a/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai/encoding.rs b/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai/encoding.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..b67296e72
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai/encoding.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,181 @@
+use super::writer::Writer;
+use super::*;
+
+/// A gradient definition: `%AI5_BeginGradient: (name)`, `(name) type stops Bd`, `[`, the stops
+/// (`colorSpec colorStyle midPoint rampPoint %_Bs`, each with its midpoint to the next stop), `BD`,
+/// `%AI5_EndGradient`. A linear gradient's stops are listed from the last to the first (§1.4.3). A
+/// radial gradient's stops are listed from the first to the last, as in §3.5.2's radial
+/// definition (10, then 100).
+pub(super) fn gradient_def(s: &mut String, w: &Writer, name: &str, g: &Gradient) {
+    let name = latin_string(name);
+    let radial = g.kind == GradientKind::Radial;
+    let kind = if radial { 1 } else { 0 };
+    let _ = writeln!(s, "%AI5_BeginGradient: {name}\n{name} {kind} {} Bd\n[", g.stops.len());
+    let mut stops: Vec<_> = g.stops.iter().collect();
+    if !radial {
+        stops.reverse();
+    }
+    for stop in stops {
+        let paint = Paint::Solid { color: stop.color, swatch: stop.swatch.clone(), tint: stop.tint };
+        match w.ink(&paint) {
+            Ink::Gray(v) => {
+                ps::push_num(s, f64::from(v));
+                s.push_str(" 0 ");
+            }
+            Ink::Cmyk(c) => {
+                ps::push_nums(s, &c.map(f64::from));
+                s.push_str("1 ");
+            }
+            Ink::Rgb(c, rgb) => {
+                ps::push_nums(s, &c.map(f64::from));
+                ps::push_nums(s, &rgb.map(f64::from));
+                s.push_str("2 ");
+            }
+            Ink::Spot { cmyk, name, tint } => {
+                ps::push_nums(s, &cmyk.map(f64::from));
+                let _ = write!(s, "{} ", latin_string(w.spot_name(&name)));
+                ps::push_num(s, f64::from(1.0 - tint));
+                s.push_str(" 3 ");
+            }
+        }
+        ps::push_nums(s, &[f64::from(stop.midpoint) * 100.0, f64::from(stop.offset) * 100.0]);
+        s.push_str("%_Bs\n");
+    }
+    s.push_str("BD\n%AI5_EndGradient\n");
+}
+
+/// A colour as the format writes it.
+#[derive(Clone, Debug, PartialEq)]
+pub(super) enum Ink {
+    /// Lightness (1 is white).
+    Gray(f32),
+    Cmyk([f32; 4]),
+    /// RGB, with its CMYK equivalent.
+    Rgb([f32; 4], [f32; 3]),
+    /// A spot colour's full CMYK equivalent, name and tint (1: full).
+    Spot {
+        cmyk: [f32; 4],
+        name: String,
+        tint: f32,
+    },
+}
+
+pub(super) fn unit(v: f32) -> f32 {
+    if v.is_finite() { v.clamp(0.0, 1.0) } else { 0.0 }
+}
+
+/// Can `a` be drawn through (a finite, non-flat map)?
+pub(super) fn invertible(a: Affine) -> bool {
+    let det = a.determinant();
+    det.is_finite() && det.abs() > 1e-12
+}
+
+/// Name `name` as a PostScript string of its characters' Windows-1252 codes (a character outside
+/// Windows-1252 is left out: [`Writer::latin_name`] replaces them first).
+pub(super) fn latin_string(name: &str) -> String {
+    let bytes: Vec<u8> = name.chars().filter_map(latin::encode).collect();
+    ps::bytes(&bytes)
+}
+
+/// Can type `t` be written as text: horizontal, without ruby (which a text object can't hold), its
+/// runs plain characters (no inline graphics) that 8-bit text can hold, filled and stroked with
+/// colours?
+pub(super) fn writable(t: &TextObject) -> bool {
+    let solid = |p: &Paint| matches!(p, Paint::Solid { .. } | Paint::None);
+    !t.vertical
+        && t.ruby.is_empty()
+        && t.runs.iter().any(|r| !r.text.is_empty())
+        && t.runs.iter().all(|r| {
+            r.inline.is_none()
+                && solid(&r.style.fill)
+                && solid(&r.style.stroke)
+                && (if r.style.all_caps { r.text.to_uppercase() } else { r.text.clone() }).chars().all(|c| latin::encode(c).is_some())
+        })
+}
+
+/// Has type `t` attributes a legacy `.ai` text object can't hold (lost when it's written as text)?
+pub(super) fn lost_attributes(t: &TextObject) -> bool {
+    let run_lost = |s: &CharStyle| {
+        s.underline
+            || s.strikethrough
+            || s.small_caps.is_some()
+            || s.position != CharPosition::Normal
+            || s.rotation != 0.0
+            || !s.features.is_empty()
+            || !s.font_axes.is_empty()
+    };
+    let para_lost = |p: &ParaStyle| p.space_after != 0.0 || !p.tabs.is_empty() || p.list.is_some();
+    t.runs.iter().any(|r| run_lost(&r.style))
+        || t.paragraph_styles().iter().any(para_lost)
+        || (matches!(t.kind, TextKind::Area { .. }) && t.area != AreaOptions::default())
+        || (matches!(t.kind, TextKind::OnPath { .. }) && (t.path_effect != PathEffect::default() || t.path_spacing != 0.0))
+}
+
+/// The font type in style `st` is set in: its PostScript name, whether it's TrueType, and its
+/// ascent and descent (ems). A font that isn't installed is named after its family and style.
+pub(super) fn font_of(st: &CharStyle) -> (String, bool, f64, f64) {
+    let db = vectorcraft_text::FontDb::global();
+    match db.face_version(&st.font_family, &st.font_style, st.font_version.as_deref()) {
+        Some(face) => {
+            let (ascent, descent) = face.vertical_metrics();
+            let em = face.units_per_em().max(1.0);
+            let name = face.postscript_name();
+            (name, face.is_truetype(), ascent / em, descent / em)
+        }
+        None => {
+            let squeeze = |s: &str| -> String { s.chars().filter(|c| c.is_ascii_alphanumeric()).collect() };
+            let style = squeeze(&st.font_style);
+            let name =
+                if style.is_empty() || style == "Regular" { squeeze(&st.font_family) } else { format!("{}-{style}", squeeze(&st.font_family)) };
+            (if name.is_empty() { "Helvetica".into() } else { name }, false, 0.75, 0.25)
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// `v`, or `default` when it isn't finite.
+pub(super) fn finite(v: f64, default: f64) -> f64 {
+    if v.is_finite() { v } else { default }
+}
+
+/// Where a fraction of `path`'s length is, as the start of type on a path gives it (§15.5.2): the
+/// index of the segment it's on, plus how far along that segment (its curve parameter).
+pub(super) fn segment_point(path: &BezPath, fraction: f64) -> f64 {
+    use kurbo::ParamCurveArclen;
+    const ACCURACY: f64 = 1e-3;
+    let segments: Vec<kurbo::PathSeg> = path.segments().collect();
+    let lengths: Vec<f64> = segments.iter().map(|s| s.arclen(ACCURACY)).collect();
+    let total: f64 = lengths.iter().sum();
+    if !(total.is_finite() && total > 0.0) {
+        return 0.0;
+    }
+    let mut left = fraction.clamp(0.0, 1.0) * total;
+    for (i, (seg, len)) in segments.iter().zip(&lengths).enumerate() {
+        if left <= *len || i + 1 == segments.len() {
+            let t = if *len > 0.0 { seg.inv_arclen(left.min(*len), ACCURACY) } else { 0.0 };
+            return i as f64 + t.clamp(0.0, 0.9999);
+        }
+        left -= len;
+    }
+    0.0
+}
+
+/// Can `p` paint a path object's fill directly (a colour or a linear or radial gradient)?
+pub(super) fn direct_fill(p: &Paint) -> bool {
+    match p {
+        Paint::Solid { .. } => true,
+        Paint::Gradient(g) => g.gradient.kind != GradientKind::Freeform && !g.gradient.stops.is_empty(),
+        _ => false,
+    }
+}
+
+/// Can stroke `s` be written as the stroke of a path object (a plain line of a colour)?
+pub(super) fn direct_stroke(s: &StrokeLayer) -> bool {
+    matches!(s.paint, Paint::Solid { .. }) && stroke::is_plain(s)
+}
+
+/// The average colour of a gradient's stops (in RGB).
+pub(super) fn average(g: &Gradient) -> Color {
+    let n = g.stops.len().max(1) as f32;
+    let sum = g.stops.iter().map(|s| s.color.to_rgb()).fold([0.0f32; 3], |a, c| [a[0] + c[0], a[1] + c[1], a[2] + c[2]]);
+    Color::rgb(unit(sum[0] / n), unit(sum[1] / n), unit(sum[2] / n))
+}
diff --git a/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai/prolog.rs b/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai/prolog.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..eb10f1440
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai/prolog.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,115 @@
+use super::*;
+
+/// The setup's fonts (§3.1, §3.3): `%%IncludeFont` for each, the encoding strings are in (`TE`),
+/// and each font re-encoded to it as `_name` (`TZ`; a TrueType font takes the encoding as its own,
+/// not the standard one, as the specification says of fonts that aren't Type 1).
+pub(super) fn fonts(s: &mut String, fonts: &[(String, bool)]) {
+    if fonts.is_empty() {
+        return;
+    }
+    for (name, _) in fonts {
+        let _ = writeln!(s, "%%IncludeFont: {name}");
+    }
+    let te = latin::te();
+    s.push_str(&te);
+    // The encoding pairs, without `[` and `TE`.
+    let pairs = te.trim_start_matches('[').trim_end().trim_end_matches("TE").trim_end();
+    for (name, truetype) in fonts {
+        let _ = writeln!(s, "%AI3_BeginEncoding: _{name} {name}");
+        if *truetype {
+            let _ = writeln!(s, "[{pairs}\n/_{name}/{name} 0 0 0 TZ\n%AI3_EndEncoding TrueType");
+        } else {
+            let _ = writeln!(s, "[/_{name}/{name} 0 0 1 TZ\n%AI3_EndEncoding AdobeType");
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// The prolog's procedure set, as `%%DocumentSuppliedResources` names it: a file that has it is
+/// read from its program when its layers are asked for ([`crate::import_with`]).
+pub(crate) const PROCSET: &str = "VectorCraft_Legacy 1 0";
+
+/// The prolog: a procedure set of this writer's own (`VectorCraft_Legacy 1 0`), in a dictionary
+/// (`VCLegacy`) the setup begins and the trailer ends (§1.2: the prolog holds definitions only,
+/// the setup activates them, the trailer deactivates them). It gives each operator the script
+/// uses its meaning in PostScript, so that the file prints and previews as a PostScript program,
+/// written from the PostScript Language Reference and this format's specification (no other
+/// application's procedure set): paths and their painting with the fill and stroke colours,
+/// compound paths painted as one path, clipping groups, guides that don't print, layers that are
+/// hidden or don't print marking nothing, and images drawn from the samples on the comment lines
+/// that follow `XI`. Gradients fill with the colour set before them (the writer sets the first
+/// stop's), and type marks nothing: apps that read the format draw both. The page trailer's
+/// `annotatepage` (§3, Script Setup: `gsave annotatepage grestore showpage`) marks nothing.
+pub(super) const PROLOG: &str = "%%BeginResource: procset VectorCraft_Legacy 1 0
+/VCLegacy 96 dict def
+VCLegacy begin
+/bd {bind def} bind def
+% State: the fill and stroke colours (procedures that set them), their overprints, the fill rule,
+% a clip to make at the next painting operator, a compound path being built, a guide being
+% drawn, whether the layer prints, and what the compound path is painted with.
+/_fc {0 setgray} def /_sc {0 setgray} def
+/_fo false def /_so false def /_eo false def /_w false def /_cp false def /_g false def
+/_on true def /_rf false def /_rs false def
+% Painting: a fill and a stroke that keep the path; the path painted as _rf and _rs say (after
+% the clip W asked for), then ended.
+/_fill {gsave _fc _fo setoverprint _eo {eofill} {fill} ifelse grestore} bd
+/_stroke {gsave _sc _so setoverprint stroke grestore} bd
+/_draw {_w {_eo {eoclip} {clip} ifelse /_w false def} if
+ _on _g not and {_rf {_fill} if _rs {_stroke} if} if newpath} bd
+% close? fill? stroke? _r: paints now, or at the end of the compound path being built.
+/_r {/_rs exch def /_rf exch def {closepath} if _cp not {_draw} if} bd
+% Path construction (section 5.3.2) and painting (5.3.3).
+/m {moveto} bd /l {lineto} bd /L {lineto} bd /c {curveto} bd /C {curveto} bd
+/N {false false false _r} bd /n {true false false _r} bd
+/F {false true false _r} bd /f {true true false _r} bd
+/S {false false true _r} bd /s {true false true _r} bd
+/B {false true true _r} bd /b {true true true _r} bd
+/XR {1 eq /_eo exch def} bd
+% Compound paths (5.3.5): one path, painted at its end.
+/*u {/_cp true def} bd /*U {/_cp false def _draw} bd
+% Groups, clipping groups and masks (5.6), locking (5.1), guides (6.1).
+/u {} bd /U {} bd /q {gsave} bd /Q {grestore} bd
+/H {} bd /h {closepath} bd /W {/_w true def} bd
+/A {pop} bd
+/* {pop _g {newpath /_g false def} {/_g true def} ifelse} bd
+% Colours (5.4): fill and stroke colours, overprints; a custom colour as its CMYK equivalent at
+% its tint (tint 0 is the full colour).
+/g {/setgray load 2 array astore cvx /_fc exch def} bd
+/G {/setgray load 2 array astore cvx /_sc exch def} bd
+/k {/setcmykcolor load 5 array astore cvx /_fc exch def} bd
+/K {/setcmykcolor load 5 array astore cvx /_sc exch def} bd
+/Xa {/setrgbcolor load 4 array astore cvx /_fc exch def} bd
+/XA {/setrgbcolor load 4 array astore cvx /_sc exch def} bd
+/_tint {1 exch sub /_t exch def pop 4 {_t mul 4 1 roll} repeat} bd
+/x {_tint k} bd /X {_tint K} bd
+/O {1 eq /_fo exch def} bd /R {1 eq /_so exch def} bd
+/w {setlinewidth} bd /J {setlinecap} bd /j {setlinejoin} bd /M {setmiterlimit} bd /d {setdash} bd
+% Gradients (3.5): definitions are skipped; an instance fills with the colour set before it
+% (the writer sets its first stop's), and BB strokes the path as its flag says.
+/Bn {pop} bd /Bd {pop pop pop} bd /BD {cleartomark} bd
+/Bb {gsave} bd /Bg {12 {pop} repeat} bd /Bh {pop pop pop pop} bd
+/BB {grestore _cp {0 gt {/_rs true def} if}
+ {dup 2 eq {closepath} if 0 gt _on and {_stroke} if newpath} ifelse} bd
+% Layers (9): a layer that is hidden or doesn't print marks nothing.
+/Lb {6 {pop} repeat exch pop exch pop 1 eq exch 1 eq and /_on exch def} bd
+/Ln {pop} bd /LB {/_on true def} bd
+% Images (8): the samples, in hex on the comment lines that follow XI, read a line at a time.
+/_l 256 string def /_s 128 string def
+/_row {{currentfile _l readline not {exit} if dup length 1 gt {exit} if pop} loop
+ dup length 1 gt {dup length 1 sub 1 exch getinterval /ASCIIHexDecode filter _s readstring pop} {pop ()} ifelse} bd
+/XI {pop pop pop pop /_ic exch def /_ib exch def /_ih exch def /_iw exch def pop pop pop pop
+ [1 0 0 -1 0 0] exch matrix concatmatrix
+ _on {gsave concat _iw _ih _ib [1 0 0 1 0 0] /_row load false _ic 1 eq {1} {_ic} ifelse colorimage grestore} {pop} ifelse} bd
+% Type (15) is set by the app that reads the file: its operators take their operands and mark
+% nothing; encodings (3.3) are skipped.
+/TE {cleartomark} bd /TZ {cleartomark} bd
+/To {pop} bd /Tp {7 {pop} repeat} bd /TP {} bd /TO {} bd
+/Tr {pop} bd /Tf {pop pop pop pop} bd /Ts {pop} bd /Tz {pop pop} bd /Tt {pop} bd /TA {pop} bd
+/Tl {pop pop} bd /Ta {pop} bd /Ti {pop pop pop} bd /Tx {pop} bd
+% The page trailer (3): annotatepage marks nothing.
+/annotatepage {} bd
+end
+%%EndResource
+";
+
+/// The first line of a PostScript file (the DSC version comment).
+pub(super) const PS_HEADER: &str = "%!PS-Adobe-3.0"; // brand-ok: the PostScript header comment
diff --git a/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai/writer.rs b/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai/writer.rs
new file mode 100644
index 000000000..31caf715f
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/eps/src/legacy_ai/writer.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,960 @@
+use super::encoding::{
+    Ink, average, direct_fill, direct_stroke, finite, font_of, invertible, latin_string, lost_attributes, segment_point, unit, writable,
+};
+use super::*;
+
+pub(super) struct Writer<'a> {
+    doc: &'a Document,
+    /// The document → art space.
+    to_art: Affine,
+    cms: Arc<Cms>,
+    pub(super) body: String,
+    /// Gradient definitions, by the name objects use.
+    pub(super) gradients: Vec<(String, Gradient)>,
+    /// Spot colors used: the name written and full CMYK equivalent.
+    pub(super) spots: Vec<(String, [f32; 4])>,
+    /// The name each spot color (by its swatch's name) is written with ([`Self::spot`]).
+    spot_names: Vec<(String, String)>,
+    pub(super) warnings: Vec<String>,
+    /// The lock state the last `A` set.
+    locked: bool,
+    /// Symbols and live objects being written inside one another.
+    nest: u32,
+    /// What to do with hidden objects.
+    hidden: HiddenObjects,
+    /// Type as outlines.
+    outline_text: bool,
+    /// The layer being written's hidden objects for its hidden layer, and whether each is locked.
+    hidden_art: Vec<(Node, bool)>,
+    /// Writing a layer that is hidden (or the hidden layer of one's hidden objects): hidden objects
+    /// are written where they are.
+    in_hidden: bool,
+    /// The fonts type is set in: PostScript name, and whether it's TrueType.
+    pub(super) fonts: Vec<(String, bool)>,
+}
+
+impl<'a> Writer<'a> {
+    pub(super) fn new(doc: &'a Document, to_art: Affine, o: &LegacyAiOptions) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            doc,
+            to_art,
+            cms: vectorcraft_color::cms::active(),
+            body: String::new(),
+            gradients: vec![],
+            spots: vec![],
+            spot_names: vec![],
+            warnings: vec![],
+            locked: false,
+            nest: 0,
+            hidden: o.hidden,
+            outline_text: o.outline_text,
+            hidden_art: vec![],
+            in_hidden: false,
+            fonts: vec![],
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn warn(&mut self, w: &str) {
+        if !self.warnings.iter().any(|x| x == w) {
+            self.warnings.push(w.to_string());
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn line(&mut self, s: &str) {
+        self.body.push_str(s);
+        self.body.push('\n');
+    }
+
+    // ---------- layers and objects ----------
+
+    /// `name` with each character outside Windows-1252 (the encoding type and names are written
+    /// in) replaced by `?`; adds the warning `warning` when it replaces one.
+    pub(super) fn latin_name(&mut self, name: &str, warning: &str) -> String {
+        let mut lost = false;
+        let kept = name
+            .chars()
+            .map(|c| {
+                if latin::encode(c).is_some() {
+                    c
+                } else {
+                    lost = true;
+                    '?'
+                }
+            })
+            .collect();
+        if lost {
+            self.warn(warning);
+        }
+        kept
+    }
+
+    /// A layer's name as a PostScript string in Windows-1252, like the type; a character outside it
+    /// is written as `?`, with a warning.
+    fn layer_name(&mut self, name: &str) -> String {
+        latin_string(&self.latin_name(name, LAYER_NAME))
+    }
+
+    /// Note spot color `name` (its swatch's name), of full CMYK equivalent `cmyk`, as a custom
+    /// color of the document, and give the name it is written with. Its characters outside
+    /// Windows-1252 are written as `?` (with a warning), and it is numbered when another spot color
+    /// is already written with that name; the name is the same each time.
+    fn spot(&mut self, name: &str, cmyk: [f32; 4]) -> String {
+        let written = match self.spot_names.iter().find(|(n, _)| n == name) {
+            Some((_, w)) => w.clone(),
+            None => {
+                let base = self.latin_name(name, TITLE_AND_COLOR_NAMES);
+                let mut written = base.clone();
+                let mut i = 1;
+                while self.spot_names.iter().any(|(_, w)| *w == written) {
+                    i += 1;
+                    written = format!("{base} {i}");
+                }
+                self.spot_names.push((name.to_string(), written.clone()));
+                written
+            }
+        };
+        if !self.spots.iter().any(|(n, _)| *n == written) {
+            self.spots.push((written.clone(), cmyk));
+        }
+        written
+    }
+
+    /// The name spot color `name` (its swatch's name) is written with, once [`Self::spot`] has
+    /// noted it.
+    pub(super) fn spot_name<'n>(&'n self, name: &'n str) -> &'n str {
+        self.spot_names.iter().find(|(n, _)| n == name).map_or(name, |(_, w)| w.as_str())
+    }
+
+    /// A top-level layer. False when it isn't a layer.
+    pub(super) fn layer(&mut self, n: &Node) -> bool {
+        let NodeKind::Layer { color, template, printable, children, clip, preview, dim_images } = &n.kind else { return false };
+        let [r, g, b] = match color {
+            LayerColor::Preset(i) => LAYER_COLORS.get(usize::from(*i)).map_or([79, 128, 255], |c| c.1),
+            LayerColor::Custom(rgb) => *rgb,
+        };
+        let index = match color {
+            LayerColor::Preset(i) if usize::from(*i) < LAYER_COLORS.len() => i64::from(*i),
+            _ => -1,
+        };
+        let flag = |b: bool| u8::from(b);
+        let name = self.layer_name(n.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("Layer"));
+        // A template layer doesn't print and shows dimmed.
+        let _ = writeln!(
+            self.body,
+            "%AI5_BeginLayer\n{} {} {} {} {} 0 {index} {r} {g} {b} Lb\n{} Ln",
+            flag(n.visible),
+            flag(*preview),
+            flag(!n.locked),
+            flag(*printable && !*template),
+            flag(dim_images.is_some() || *template),
+            name,
+        );
+        self.locked = false;
+        self.line("0 A");
+        self.in_hidden = !n.visible;
+        self.contents(children, *clip, false);
+        self.in_hidden = false;
+        self.line("LB\n%AI5_EndLayer--");
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// The hidden layer of top-level layer `n`'s hidden objects, just above it (named after it,
+    /// with its colour, lock and printing). False when it has none.
+    pub(super) fn hidden_layer(&mut self, n: &Node) -> bool {
+        if self.hidden_art.is_empty() {
+            return false;
+        }
+        let art = std::mem::take(&mut self.hidden_art);
+        let NodeKind::Layer { color, template, printable, .. } = &n.kind else { return false };
+        let [r, g, b] = match color {
+            LayerColor::Preset(i) => LAYER_COLORS.get(usize::from(*i)).map_or([79, 128, 255], |c| c.1),
+            LayerColor::Custom(rgb) => *rgb,
+        };
+        let index = match color {
+            LayerColor::Preset(i) if usize::from(*i) < LAYER_COLORS.len() => i64::from(*i),
+            _ => -1,
+        };
+        let name = format!("{} (hidden)", n.name.as_deref().unwrap_or("Layer"));
+        let name = self.layer_name(&name);
+        let _ = writeln!(
+            self.body,
+            "%AI5_BeginLayer\n0 1 {} {} {} 0 {index} {r} {g} {b} Lb\n{} Ln",
+            u8::from(!n.locked),
+            u8::from(*printable && !*template),
+            u8::from(*template),
+            name,
+        );
+        self.locked = false;
+        self.line("0 A");
+        self.in_hidden = true;
+        for (node, locked) in &art {
+            self.node(node, *locked);
+        }
+        self.in_hidden = false;
+        self.line("LB\n%AI5_EndLayer--");
+        true
+    }
+
+    /// A container's members, the first clipping the others when `clip`; `locked`: the container is.
+    fn contents(&mut self, children: &[Arc<Node>], clip: bool, locked: bool) {
+        if clip {
+            self.clip_group(children, locked);
+        } else {
+            for c in children {
+                self.node(c, locked);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set the lock state of the objects that follow.
+    fn lock(&mut self, locked: bool) {
+        if locked != self.locked {
+            self.locked = locked;
+            self.line(if locked { "1 A" } else { "0 A" });
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// One object (inside a container locked when `locked`).
+    fn node(&mut self, n: &Node, locked: bool) {
+        if !n.visible && !self.in_hidden {
+            match self.hidden {
+                HiddenObjects::Omit => {
+                    self.warn(HIDDEN);
+                    return;
+                }
+                HiddenObjects::Layer => {
+                    self.warn(HIDDEN_LAYER);
+                    self.hidden_art.push((n.clone(), locked || n.locked));
+                    return;
+                }
+                HiddenObjects::Visible => self.warn(HIDDEN_SHOWN),
+            }
+        }
+        if n.opacity < 1.0 || n.blend != BlendMode::Normal || n.extras().mask.as_ref().is_some_and(|m| !m.disabled) {
+            self.warn(TRANSPARENCY);
+        }
+        if n.name.as_deref().is_some_and(|s| !s.is_empty()) && !n.is_layer() {
+            self.warn(NAMES);
+        }
+        let locked = locked || n.locked;
+        match &n.kind {
+            NodeKind::Layer { children, clip, .. } => {
+                self.warn(SUBLAYERS);
+                self.group(children, *clip, locked);
+            }
+            NodeKind::Group { children, clip } => self.group(children, *clip, locked),
+            NodeKind::Path { path, rule, guide, .. } => {
+                self.lock(locked);
+                if *guide {
+                    self.guide(path);
+                } else {
+                    self.shape(n, path, *rule);
+                }
+            }
+            NodeKind::Compound { children, rule } => {
+                self.lock(locked);
+                let mut subpaths = vec![];
+                for p in children.iter().filter_map(|c| c.path_data()) {
+                    subpaths.extend(p.subpaths.iter().cloned());
+                }
+                self.shape(n, &PathData::new(subpaths), *rule);
+            }
+            NodeKind::Text(t) => {
+                self.lock(locked);
+                self.text(t);
+            }
+            NodeKind::Image(im) => {
+                self.lock(locked);
+                self.image(self.doc.image_blob(im), im.width, im.height, im.xf);
+            }
+            NodeKind::SymbolInstance { symbol, xf } => {
+                self.warn(LIVE);
+                if let Some(sym) = self.doc.symbols.iter().find(|s| &s.name == symbol)
+                    && self.nest < MAX_NEST
+                {
+                    let mut art = (*sym.art).clone();
+                    art.transform(*xf, false);
+                    art.visible = true;
+                    self.nest += 1;
+                    self.node(&art, locked);
+                    self.nest -= 1;
+                }
+            }
+            NodeKind::Blend { .. }
+            | NodeKind::Envelope { .. }
+            | NodeKind::Mesh(_)
+            | NodeKind::Repeat(_)
+            | NodeKind::PlacedDocument(_)
+            | NodeKind::Intertwine { .. } => {
+                self.warn(LIVE);
+                if self.nest < MAX_NEST {
+                    let g = vectorcraft_effects::expand_live_deep(Some(self.doc), n);
+                    self.nest += 1;
+                    if let Some(children) = g.children() {
+                        self.group(children, false, locked);
+                    }
+                    self.nest -= 1;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A group (`u` … `U`), or a clipping group (`q` … `Q`).
+    fn group(&mut self, children: &[Arc<Node>], clip: bool, locked: bool) {
+        if children.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        self.lock(locked);
+        if clip {
+            self.clip_group(children, locked);
+        } else {
+            self.line("u");
+            self.contents(children, false, locked);
+            self.lock(locked);
+            self.line("U");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A clipping group: its first member's outline clips the others (`h W n`). That member's fills
+    /// paint behind the art, inside the clip, and its strokes over it, outside.
+    fn clip_group(&mut self, children: &[Arc<Node>], locked: bool) {
+        let Some((clip, rest)) = children.split_first() else { return };
+        // Nothing to clip by hides the clipped art.
+        let Some((outline, rule)) = vectorcraft_effects::clip_outline(clip) else { return };
+        let paint = clip.clip_paint();
+        self.lock(locked);
+        self.line("q");
+        let path = PathData::from_bezpath(&outline);
+        self.fill_rule(rule);
+        let several = path.subpaths.len() > 1;
+        if several {
+            self.line("*u");
+        }
+        for sp in path.subpaths.iter().filter(|sp| !sp.anchors.is_empty()) {
+            self.mask(sp);
+        }
+        if several {
+            self.line("*U");
+        }
+        if let Some(fill) = &paint.fill {
+            self.node(fill, locked);
+        }
+        for c in rest {
+            self.node(c, locked);
+        }
+        self.lock(locked);
+        self.line("Q");
+        if let Some(stroke) = &paint.stroke {
+            self.node(stroke, locked);
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ---------- paths ----------
+
+    /// A clipping path (§5.6.2): its points, `h` (closed) or `H`, `W`, then painted with nothing.
+    fn mask(&mut self, sp: &SubPath) {
+        self.subpath(sp);
+        self.line(if sp.closed { "h\nW\nn" } else { "H\nW\nN" });
+    }
+
+    /// A guide (§6): `(N) *`, its path, `(N) *`.
+    fn guide(&mut self, path: &PathData) {
+        for sp in path.subpaths.iter().filter(|sp| !sp.anchors.is_empty()) {
+            self.line("(N) *");
+            self.subpath(sp);
+            self.line("(N) *");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A path's fills and strokes: one object with one fill and a plain stroke over it where it
+    /// can be, else a group of an object for each (in paint order).
+    fn shape(&mut self, n: &Node, path: &PathData, rule: FillRule) {
+        if path.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let items: Vec<&AppearanceItem> = n
+            .appearance
+            .items
+            .iter()
+            .filter(|i| match i {
+                AppearanceItem::Fill(f) => f.visible && !f.paint.is_none(),
+                AppearanceItem::Stroke(s) => s.visible && !s.paint.is_none() && s.width > 0.0 && s.width.is_finite(),
+            })
+            .collect();
+        for i in &items {
+            if i.opacity() < 1.0 || i.blend() != BlendMode::Normal {
+                self.warn(TRANSPARENCY);
+            }
+        }
+        match items.as_slice() {
+            [] => self.path_object(path, rule, None, None),
+            [AppearanceItem::Fill(f)] if direct_fill(&f.paint) => self.path_object(path, rule, Some(f), None),
+            [AppearanceItem::Stroke(s)] if direct_stroke(s) => self.path_object(path, rule, None, Some(s)),
+            [AppearanceItem::Fill(f), AppearanceItem::Stroke(s)] if direct_fill(&f.paint) && direct_stroke(s) => {
+                self.path_object(path, rule, Some(f), Some(s))
+            }
+            [one] => self.item(path, rule, one),
+            items => {
+                self.line("u");
+                for i in items {
+                    self.item(path, rule, i);
+                }
+                self.line("U");
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// One fill or stroke of a path as an object of its own.
+    fn item(&mut self, path: &PathData, rule: FillRule, item: &AppearanceItem) {
+        match item {
+            AppearanceItem::Fill(f) => self.fill_object(path, rule, f),
+            AppearanceItem::Stroke(s) if direct_stroke(s) => self.path_object(path, rule, None, Some(s)),
+            AppearanceItem::Stroke(s) => {
+                self.warn(STROKES);
+                let outline = stroke::outline_region(path, rule, s);
+                let fill = FillLayer { overprint: s.overprint, ..FillLayer::new(s.paint.clone()) };
+                self.fill_object(&outline, FillRule::NonZero, &fill);
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// A fill as an object of its own: patterns as their tiles clipped to the path.
+    fn fill_object(&mut self, path: &PathData, rule: FillRule, f: &FillLayer) {
+        if direct_fill(&f.paint) {
+            return self.path_object(path, rule, Some(f), None);
+        }
+        let Paint::Pattern { pattern, xf } = &f.paint else {
+            // A freeform gradient: its average colour.
+            self.warn(FREEFORM);
+            let color = match &f.paint {
+                Paint::Gradient(g) => average(&g.gradient),
+                _ => Color::gray(0.5),
+            };
+            let flat = FillLayer { paint: Paint::solid(color), ..f.clone() };
+            return self.path_object(path, rule, Some(&flat), None);
+        };
+        self.warn(PATTERNS);
+        let doc = self.doc;
+        let Some(def) = doc.pattern(pattern) else {
+            let flat = FillLayer { paint: Paint::solid(Color::gray(0.5)), ..f.clone() };
+            return self.path_object(path, rule, Some(&flat), None);
+        };
+        let area = path.to_bezpath().bounding_box();
+        let tiles = def.instances_in(*xf, area);
+        self.line("q");
+        self.fill_rule(rule);
+        let several = path.subpaths.len() > 1;
+        if several {
+            self.line("*u");
+        }
+        for sp in path.subpaths.iter().filter(|sp| !sp.anchors.is_empty()) {
+            self.mask(sp);
+        }
+        if several {
+            self.line("*U");
+        }
+        let locked = self.locked;
+        for t in &tiles {
+            self.node(t, locked);
+        }
+        self.lock(locked);
+        self.line("Q");
+    }
+
+    /// A path object painted with `fill` (a colour or a linear or radial gradient) and `stroke`
+    /// (a plain line of a colour) over it; several subpaths make a compound path.
+    fn path_object(&mut self, path: &PathData, rule: FillRule, fill: Option<&FillLayer>, stroke: Option<&StrokeLayer>) {
+        let subpaths: Vec<&SubPath> = path.subpaths.iter().filter(|sp| !sp.anchors.is_empty()).collect();
+        if subpaths.is_empty() {
+            return;
+        }
+        let gradient = match fill.map(|f| &f.paint) {
+            Some(Paint::Gradient(g)) => Some(self.gradient(g, path.to_bezpath().bounding_box())),
+            _ => None,
+        };
+        if let Some(f) = fill {
+            let paint = match &f.paint {
+                // The colour under the gradient: its first stop's.
+                Paint::Gradient(g) => g.gradient.stops.first().map_or(Paint::None, |s| Paint::solid(s.color)),
+                p => p.clone(),
+            };
+            self.color(&paint, false);
+            self.line(if f.overprint { "1 O" } else { "0 O" });
+        }
+        if let Some(s) = stroke {
+            self.color(&s.paint, true);
+            self.line(if s.overprint { "1 R" } else { "0 R" });
+            self.line_style(s);
+        }
+        self.fill_rule(rule);
+        let op = match (fill.is_some(), stroke.is_some()) {
+            (true, true) => 'b',
+            (true, false) => 'f',
+            (false, true) => 's',
+            (false, false) => 'n',
+        };
+        let several = subpaths.len() > 1;
+        if several {
+            self.line("*u");
+        }
+        for sp in subpaths {
+            self.subpath(sp);
+            if let Some(g) = &gradient {
+                // The gradient fills between `Bb` and `BB`, whose flag strokes the path too (§3.5.3).
+                self.body.push_str(g);
+                self.line(if sp.closed { "f" } else { "F" });
+                self.line(match (stroke.is_some(), sp.closed) {
+                    (false, _) => "0 BB",
+                    (true, false) => "1 BB",
+                    (true, true) => "2 BB",
+                });
+            } else {
+                self.line(&if sp.closed { op.to_string() } else { op.to_ascii_uppercase().to_string() });
+            }
+        }
+        if several {
+            self.line("*U");
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// `rule` as `XR` (1: even-odd).
+    fn fill_rule(&mut self, rule: FillRule) {
+        self.line(if rule == FillRule::EvenOdd { "1 XR" } else { "0 XR" });
+    }
+
+    /// One subpath's points, in art space: `m`, then a line or curve to each point (lower case: the
+    /// point is smooth, upper case: a corner, §5.3.2), and for a closed one the segment back to the
+    /// start, which says whether the start is smooth or a corner (as the specification's examples
+    /// close paths: the start point again, then the painting operator).
+    fn subpath(&mut self, sp: &SubPath) {
+        let Some(first) = sp.anchors.first() else { return };
+        let xf = self.to_art;
+        let s = &mut self.body;
+        let pt = |s: &mut String, p: Point| {
+            let p = xf * p;
+            ps::push_nums(s, &[p.x, p.y]);
+        };
+        pt(s, first.p);
+        s.push_str("m\n");
+        let segment = |s: &mut String, a: &vectorcraft_geom::Anchor, b: &vectorcraft_geom::Anchor| {
+            let straight = a.h_out == a.p && b.h_in == b.p;
+            let smooth = b.kind == AnchorKind::Smooth;
+            if straight {
+                pt(s, b.p);
+                s.push_str(if smooth { "l\n" } else { "L\n" });
+            } else {
+                pt(s, a.h_out);
+                pt(s, b.h_in);
+                pt(s, b.p);
+                s.push_str(if smooth { "c\n" } else { "C\n" });
+            }
+        };
+        for pair in sp.anchors.windows(2) {
+            if let [a, b] = pair {
+                segment(s, a, b);
+            }
+        }
+        if sp.closed
+            && sp.anchors.len() > 1
+            && let Some(last) = sp.anchors.last()
+        {
+            segment(s, last, first);
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// The stroke's width, cap, join, miter limit and dashes: `w J j M d`.
+    fn line_style(&mut self, st: &StrokeLayer) {
+        let cap = match st.cap {
+            LineCap::Butt => 0,
+            LineCap::Round => 1,
+            LineCap::Square => 2,
+        };
+        let join = match st.join {
+            LineJoin::Miter => 0,
+            LineJoin::Round => 1,
+            LineJoin::Bevel => 2,
+        };
+        let s = &mut self.body;
+        ps::push_num(s, st.width);
+        let _ = write!(s, " w {cap} J {join} j ");
+        ps::push_num(s, if st.miter_limit.is_finite() { st.miter_limit.max(1.0) } else { 10.0 });
+        s.push_str(" M [");
+        let dash = st.dash.as_ref().filter(|d| d.is_dashed());
+        if let Some(d) = dash {
+            ps::push_nums(s, &d.pattern);
+            s.pop();
+        }
+        s.push_str("] ");
+        ps::push_num(s, dash.map_or(0.0, |d| d.offset));
+        s.push_str(" d\n");
+    }
+
+    // ---------- colour ----------
+
+    /// How `p` (a solid paint) is written.
+    pub(super) fn ink(&self, p: &Paint) -> Ink {
+        let Paint::Solid { color, swatch, tint } = p else { return Ink::Gray(0.0) };
+        let doc = self.doc;
+        let intent = self.cms.settings().intent;
+        if let Some(name) = swatch
+            && let Some(sw) = doc.swatch(name).filter(|s| s.spot)
+            && let Some(full) = sw.paint.color()
+        {
+            let full = doc.linked_color(full, true);
+            return Ink::Spot { cmyk: self.cms.to_cmyk(&full, intent).map(unit), name: name.clone(), tint: unit(*tint) };
+        }
+        match *color {
+            // Grey is ink coverage; the format's grey is lightness.
+            Color::Gray { k } => Ink::Gray(unit(1.0 - k)),
+            Color::Cmyk { c, m, y, k } => Ink::Cmyk([c, m, y, k].map(unit)),
+            Color::Rgb { r, g, b } => Ink::Rgb(self.cms.to_cmyk(color, intent).map(unit), [r, g, b].map(unit)),
+            Color::Lab { .. } => {
+                let rgb = color.to_rgb().map(unit);
+                Ink::Rgb(self.cms.to_cmyk(color, intent).map(unit), rgb)
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// Set the fill (or with `stroke`, the stroke) colour to solid paint `p`.
+    fn color(&mut self, p: &Paint, stroke: bool) {
+        let ink = match self.ink(p) {
+            Ink::Spot { cmyk, name, tint } => Ink::Spot { name: self.spot(&name, cmyk), cmyk, tint },
+            ink => ink,
+        };
+        let op = |fill: &'static str, line: &'static str| if stroke { line } else { fill };
+        let s = &mut self.body;
+        match ink {
+            Ink::Gray(v) => {
+                ps::push_num(s, f64::from(v));
+                let _ = writeln!(s, " {}", op("g", "G"));
+            }
+            Ink::Cmyk(c) => {
+                ps::push_nums(s, &c.map(f64::from));
+                let _ = writeln!(s, "{}", op("k", "K"));
+            }
+            Ink::Rgb(_, rgb) => {
+                ps::push_nums(s, &rgb.map(f64::from));
+                let _ = writeln!(s, "{}", op("Xa", "XA"));
+            }
+            Ink::Spot { cmyk, name, tint } => {
+                ps::push_nums(s, &cmyk.map(f64::from));
+                let _ = write!(s, "{} ", latin_string(&name));
+                // The format's tint is how much lighter than the full colour (0: full).
+                ps::push_num(s, f64::from(1.0 - tint));
+                let _ = writeln!(s, " {}", op("x", "X"));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    // ---------- gradients ----------
+
+    /// The definition gradient `g` uses (defined once for each distinct gradient), and its
+    /// instance on a path of bounds `bounds`: `Bb`, a radial's highlight `x y angle fraction Bh`
+    /// (its distance a fraction of the radius, at most 1, §3.5.5; `0 0 0 0 Bh` at the center,
+    /// §3.5.6), `1 (name) x y angle length 1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg`.
+    fn gradient(&mut self, g: &GradientPaint, bounds: Rect) -> String {
+        let name = self.define(&g.gradient, g.swatch.as_deref());
+        for stop in &g.gradient.stops {
+            if stop.opacity < 1.0 {
+                self.warn(TRANSPARENCY);
+            }
+            if let Some(sw) = &stop.swatch {
+                // Spot colours in stops are custom colours too.
+                let p = Paint::Solid { color: stop.color, swatch: Some(sw.clone()), tint: stop.tint };
+                if let Ink::Spot { cmyk, name, .. } = self.ink(&p) {
+                    self.spot(&name, cmyk);
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        let geom = g.resolve(bounds);
+        let (start, end) = (self.to_art * geom.start, self.to_art * geom.end);
+        let d = end - start;
+        let (angle, length) = (d.y.atan2(d.x).to_degrees(), d.hypot());
+        // The matrix is relative to the origin of a canvas whose size the specification doesn't
+        // give (§3.5.4), so it stays the identity: an elliptical radial is written circular.
+        if g.gradient.kind == GradientKind::Radial && (geom.aspect - 1.0).abs() > 1e-6 {
+            self.warn(ELLIPTICAL);
+        }
+        let mut s = String::from("Bb\n");
+        if g.gradient.kind == GradientKind::Radial {
+            // Every radial instance has a highlight (§3.5.5), `0 0 0 0 Bh` at the center (§3.5.6).
+            // It lies within the gradient's circle: one past the radius is written on it.
+            let off: Vec2 = geom.focal.map_or(Vec2::ZERO, |f| self.to_art * f - start);
+            let fraction = if off.hypot() > 1e-9 && length > 1e-9 { off.hypot() / length } else { 0.0 };
+            let (off, angle) = if fraction > 0.0 { (off / fraction.max(1.0), off.y.atan2(off.x).to_degrees()) } else { (Vec2::ZERO, 0.0) };
+            ps::push_nums(&mut s, &[off.x, off.y, angle, fraction.min(1.0)]);
+            s.push_str("Bh\n");
+        }
+        s.push_str("1 ");
+        s.push_str(&latin_string(&name));
+        s.push(' ');
+        ps::push_nums(&mut s, &[start.x, start.y, angle, length]);
+        s.push_str("1 0 0 1 0 0 Bg\n");
+        s
+    }
+
+    /// The name of the definition of `g` (its swatch's name when it has one, with each character
+    /// outside Windows-1252 written as `?` and a warning), defined the first time.
+    fn define(&mut self, g: &Gradient, swatch: Option<&str>) -> String {
+        if let Some((name, _)) = self.gradients.iter().find(|(_, d)| d == g) {
+            return name.clone();
+        }
+        let taken = |n: &str, defs: &[(String, Gradient)]| defs.iter().any(|(m, _)| m == n);
+        let base = self.latin_name(swatch.filter(|s| !s.is_empty()).unwrap_or("Gradient"), TITLE_AND_COLOR_NAMES);
+        let mut name = base.clone();
+        let mut i = 1;
+        while taken(&name, &self.gradients) {
+            i += 1;
+            name = format!("{base} {i}");
+        }
+        self.gradients.push((name.clone(), g.clone()));
+        name
+    }
+
+    // ---------- type ----------
+
+    /// Type: a text object when the format can hold it as text, else its outlines.
+    fn text(&mut self, t: &TextObject) {
+        if !invertible(t.xf) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if !self.outline_text {
+            if writable(t) {
+                return self.text_object(t);
+            }
+            self.warn(TYPE);
+        }
+        self.outlines(t);
+    }
+
+    /// A text object (§15): `type To`, the text path (`a b c d tx ty startPt Tp`, an area's frame
+    /// or the path type runs along, `TP`), then each run's style and characters, `TO`. The matrix
+    /// takes text space (y up, the first baseline's start for point type) to art space; the frame
+    /// and path are in art space, as the specification's examples have them (§15.5).
+    fn text_object(&mut self, t: &TextObject) {
+        if lost_attributes(t) {
+            self.warn(TYPE_ATTRIBUTES);
+        }
+        // Area type that Shrink Text to Fit scales down is written in the styles it draws in.
+        let fitted = matches!((&t.kind, t.area.fit), (TextKind::Area { .. }, vectorcraft_doc::AreaFit::ShrinkText { .. }))
+            .then(|| vectorcraft_text::layout(vectorcraft_text::FontDb::global(), t).fit_scale)
+            .filter(|f| *f != 1.0)
+            .map(|f| vectorcraft_text::scaled(t, f));
+        let t = fitted.as_ref().unwrap_or(t);
+        let m = self.to_art * t.xf * Affine::new([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
+        let (kind, path, start) = match &t.kind {
+            TextKind::Point => (0, None, 0.0),
+            TextKind::Area { frame } => (1, frame.subpaths.iter().find(|sp| !sp.anchors.is_empty()).cloned(), 0.0),
+            TextKind::OnPath { path, .. } => {
+                let sp = path.subpaths.iter().find(|sp| !sp.anchors.is_empty()).cloned();
+                let fraction = t.kind.path_span().map_or(0.0, |(s, _)| s);
+                let start = sp
+                    .as_ref()
+                    .map_or(0.0, |sp| segment_point(&PathData::new(vec![sp.clone()]).transformed(self.to_art * t.xf).to_bezpath(), fraction));
+                (2, sp, start)
+            }
+        };
+        let _ = writeln!(self.body, "{kind} To");
+        let [a, b, c, d, e, f] = m.as_coeffs();
+        ps::push_nums(&mut self.body, &[a, b, c, d, e, f, start]);
+        self.line("Tp");
+        if let Some(sp) = path {
+            let placed = SubPath::new(sp.anchors.iter().map(|a| a.transform(t.xf)).collect(), sp.closed);
+            self.subpath(&placed);
+            self.line(if sp.closed { "n" } else { "N" });
+        }
+        self.line("TP");
+        let mut para = 0usize;
+        let mut para_start = true;
+        for run in &t.runs {
+            let text = if run.style.all_caps { run.text.to_uppercase() } else { run.text.clone() };
+            let mut pieces = text.split('\n').peekable();
+            while let Some(piece) = pieces.next() {
+                let ends_paragraph = pieces.peek().is_some();
+                if piece.is_empty() && !ends_paragraph {
+                    continue;
+                }
+                if para_start {
+                    self.paragraph(t.para_at(para));
+                    para_start = false;
+                }
+                self.char_style(&run.style, t.para_at(para));
+                let mut bytes: Vec<u8> = piece.chars().filter_map(latin::encode).collect();
+                if ends_paragraph {
+                    bytes.push(b'\r');
+                    para += 1;
+                    para_start = true;
+                }
+                self.body.push_str(&ps::bytes(&bytes));
+                self.line(" Tx");
+            }
+        }
+        self.line("TO");
+    }
+
+    /// A paragraph's attributes: alignment `Ta` and indents `Ti` (first line's, left, right).
+    fn paragraph(&mut self, p: &ParaStyle) {
+        let align = match p.justify {
+            Justify::Auto if p.direction == Some(ParaDirection::RightToLeft) => 2,
+            Justify::Auto | Justify::Left => 0,
+            Justify::Center => 1,
+            Justify::Right => 2,
+            Justify::JustifyLeft | Justify::JustifyCenter | Justify::JustifyRight => 3,
+            Justify::JustifyAll => 4,
+        };
+        let _ = writeln!(self.body, "{align} Ta");
+        ps::push_nums(&mut self.body, &[p.first_line_indent, p.left_indent, p.right_indent]);
+        self.line("Ti");
+    }
+
+    /// A run's character attributes and paint style: `Tr`, its fill and stroke, `Tf`, `Ts`, `Tz`,
+    /// `Tt`, `TA`, and the leading with the space before its paragraph, `Tl`.
+    fn char_style(&mut self, st: &CharStyle, p: &ParaStyle) {
+        let fill = !st.fill.is_none();
+        let stroke = st.has_stroke();
+        let render = match (fill, stroke) {
+            (true, false) => 0,
+            (false, true) => 1,
+            (true, true) => 2,
+            (false, false) => 3,
+        };
+        let _ = writeln!(self.body, "{render} Tr");
+        if fill {
+            self.color(&st.fill, false);
+            self.line(if st.overprint_fill { "1 O" } else { "0 O" });
+        }
+        if stroke {
+            self.color(&st.stroke, true);
+            self.line(if st.overprint_stroke { "1 R" } else { "0 R" });
+            self.line_style(&st.stroke_layer());
+        }
+        let (name, truetype, ascent, descent) = font_of(st);
+        if !self.fonts.iter().any(|(n, _)| *n == name) {
+            self.fonts.push((name.clone(), truetype));
+        }
+        let size = finite(st.size, 12.0);
+        let _ = write!(self.body, "/_{name} ");
+        ps::push_nums(&mut self.body, &[size, ascent * size, descent * size]);
+        self.line("Tf");
+        ps::push_num(&mut self.body, finite(st.baseline_shift, 0.0));
+        self.line(" Ts");
+        ps::push_nums(&mut self.body, &[finite(st.h_scale, 100.0), finite(st.v_scale, 100.0)]);
+        self.line("Tz");
+        ps::push_num(&mut self.body, finite(st.tracking, 0.0));
+        self.line(" Tt");
+        self.line(if st.kerning.is_none() { "1 TA" } else { "0 TA" });
+        ps::push_nums(&mut self.body, &[finite(st.effective_leading(), size * 1.2), finite(p.space_before, 0.0)]);
+        self.line("Tl");
+    }
+
+    /// Type as its glyphs' outlines: a group of a compound path for each run, with the run's fill
+    /// and stroke.
+    fn outlines(&mut self, t: &TextObject) {
+        let layout = vectorcraft_text::layout(vectorcraft_text::FontDb::global(), t);
+        let scale = t.xf.determinant().abs().sqrt();
+        self.line("u");
+        for (i, run) in t.runs.iter().enumerate() {
+            let mut bp = BezPath::new();
+            // Ruby (furigana) glyphs in their base text's run's paint, as the canvas draws them.
+            for g in layout.glyphs.iter().chain(&layout.ruby).filter(|g| g.run == i) {
+                bp.extend(g.outline.iter());
+            }
+            if bp.elements().is_empty() {
+                continue;
+            }
+            bp.apply_affine(t.xf);
+            let path = PathData::from_bezpath(&bp);
+            let fill =
+                (!run.style.fill.is_none()).then(|| FillLayer { overprint: run.style.overprint_fill, ..FillLayer::new(run.style.fill.clone()) });
+            let stroke = run.style.has_stroke().then(|| {
+                let mut s = run.style.stroke_layer();
+                s.width *= scale;
+                s
+            });
+            let items: Vec<AppearanceItem> = fill.map(AppearanceItem::Fill).into_iter().chain(stroke.map(AppearanceItem::Stroke)).collect();
+            let mut n = Node::path(vectorcraft_doc::NodeId(0), path.clone(), vectorcraft_doc::Appearance::default());
+            n.appearance = vectorcraft_doc::Appearance { items, ..vectorcraft_doc::Appearance::default() }.into();
+            self.shape(&n, &path, FillRule::NonZero);
+        }
+        // Colour bitmap glyphs (emoji): their images, which the runs' paint doesn't paint.
+        for g in &layout.glyphs {
+            if let Some((image, to_text)) = g.placed_image() {
+                self.image(Some(&image.blob), image.width, image.height, t.xf * to_text);
+            }
+            // COLR glyphs: their layers, as art.
+            if let Some(art) = g.placed_colour(t.xf) {
+                self.node(&art, false);
+            }
+        }
+        self.line("U");
+    }
+
+    // ---------- images ----------
+
+    /// An image (§8): `%AI5_File:`, `%AI5_BeginRaster`, its matrix (an art-space matrix applied to
+    /// the pixels with their rows running downwards, `(u, -v)`) as `[ a b c d tx ty ]` and its
+    /// operands with `XI`, its RGB samples in hex on comment lines of [`HEX_LINE`] digits,
+    /// `%AI5_EndRaster`, then `F`. §8.4's examples have no `F`; without it, an app reading the file
+    /// can leave out an image in a clipping group and the art after it. No path is open there, so
+    /// the `F` paints nothing. `blob` holds the pixels, placed as a grid of `width` × `height`
+    /// by `xf`.
+    fn image(&mut self, blob: Option<&ImageBlob>, width: u32, height: u32, xf: Affine) {
+        let flip = Affine::new([1.0, 0.0, 0.0, -1.0, 0.0, 0.0]);
+        let m = self.to_art * xf * flip;
+        if !invertible(m) {
+            return;
+        }
+        if blob.is_some_and(|b| b.bytes.is_empty()) {
+            self.warn(LARGE_IMAGE);
+            return;
+        }
+        let Some(img) = blob.and_then(|b| image::load_from_memory(&b.bytes).ok()) else {
+            self.warn(UNDECODED);
+            return;
+        };
+        let (w, h) = (img.width(), img.height());
+        if w == 0 || h == 0 || u64::from(w) * u64::from(h) > MAX_IMAGE_PIXELS {
+            self.warn(LARGE_IMAGE);
+            return;
+        }
+        // The object places the image's own pixel grid (its width × height) wherever the file's is.
+        let fit = Affine::scale_non_uniform(f64::from(width.max(1)) / f64::from(w), f64::from(height.max(1)) / f64::from(h));
+        let m = self.to_art * xf * fit * flip;
+        let rgba = img.to_rgba8();
+        let mut hex = String::with_capacity(rgba.len() / 4 * 7);
+        hex.push('%');
+        let mut on_line = 0;
+        let mut see_through = false;
+        for px in rgba.pixels() {
+            let [r, g, b, a] = px.0;
+            if a < 255 {
+                see_through = true;
+            }
+            // Over white.
+            let over = |c: u8| ((u32::from(c) * u32::from(a) + 255 * (255 - u32::from(a)) + 127) / 255) as u8;
+            for c in [over(r), over(g), over(b)] {
+                let _ = write!(hex, "{c:02X}");
+                on_line += 2;
+                if on_line >= HEX_LINE {
+                    hex.push_str("\n%");
+                    on_line = 0;
+                }
+            }
+        }
+        if hex.ends_with('%') {
+            hex.pop();
+        } else {
+            hex.push('\n');
+        }
+        if see_through {
+            self.warn(IMAGE_ALPHA);
+        }
+        let [a, b, c, d, e, f] = m.as_coeffs();
+        let s = &mut self.body;
+        s.push_str("%AI5_File:\n%AI5_BeginRaster\n[ ");
+        ps::push_nums(s, &[a, b, c, d, e, f]);
+        let _ = writeln!(s, "] 0 0 {w} {h} {w} {h} 8 3 0 0 0 0 XI");
+        s.push_str(&hex);
+        s.push_str("%AI5_EndRaster\nF\n");
+    }
+}