diff --git a/Cargo.lock b/Cargo.lock
index 93c047eef..6ce24d013 100644
--- a/Cargo.lock
+++ b/Cargo.lock
@@ -4235,6 +4235,7 @@ dependencies = [
  "pdfcraft-annot",
  "pdfcraft-content",
  "pdfcraft-cos",
+ "pdfcraft-filters",
  "pdfcraft-model",
  "pdfcraft-render",
  "thiserror 2.0.21",
diff --git a/crates/automation/src/lib.rs b/crates/automation/src/lib.rs
index 842f6eb73..bf4c55083 100644
--- a/crates/automation/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/automation/src/lib.rs
@@ -1261,6 +1261,7 @@ impl Automation {
             ("discard_print_settings", &mut settings.discard_print_settings),
             ("flate_unencoded", &mut settings.flate_unencoded),
             ("object_streams", &mut settings.object_streams),
+            ("lzw_to_flate", &mut settings.lzw_to_flate),
             ("remove_invalid_links", &mut settings.remove_invalid_links),
             ("remove_unreferenced_dests", &mut settings.remove_unreferenced_dests),
         ] {
@@ -1314,6 +1315,7 @@ impl Automation {
             "alternate_images": o.alternate_images,
             "tags_removed": o.tags_removed,
             "streams_compressed": o.streams_compressed,
+            "lzw_streams": o.lzw_streams,
             "invalid_links": o.invalid_links,
             "invalid_bookmarks": o.invalid_bookmarks,
             "unreferenced_dests": o.unreferenced_dests,
diff --git a/crates/automation/src/tools.rs b/crates/automation/src/tools.rs
index 32eadd640..92c6ea12d 100644
--- a/crates/automation/src/tools.rs
+++ b/crates/automation/src/tools.rs
@@ -1375,7 +1375,7 @@ pub fn tools() -> Vec<ToolDef> {
             .with(schema(json!({ "doc": doc() }), &["doc"])),
         t("doc_open_revision", "Open a revision", "Open saved revision `revision` (1 = the oldest) of a document as a new, unsaved document, to see the file as it was then.")
             .with(schema(json!({ "doc": doc(), "revision": { "type": "integer", "minimum": 1 } }), &["doc", "revision"])),
-        t("doc_optimize", "Optimize PDF", "Write an optimized copy to `path` (Acrobat's PDF Optimizer). preset: standard (default; Reduce File Size's choices) or mobile (images to 96 ppi above 144, JPEG high quality); the options below change it. compatibility: retain (default; keeps the document's version, or 1.5 when object streams are written), 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 or 2.0. merge_fragments (default true) first puts a page picture drawn as many stacked image strips (as some PDF printers write it) back together into one image, so it can be resampled (merged_images, fragments_merged). color / gray: { downsample, ppi, above_ppi, compression: jpeg|zip|retain, quality 1–100 } (defaults: downsample to 150 ppi above 225, JPEG 60). Images are measured where pages draw them and replaced only when smaller. discard_*: thumbnails (default true), alternate_images (true), tags, print_settings; flate_unencoded (true); object_streams (default true; always off for 1.4); remove_invalid_links and remove_unreferenced_dests (true); images and forms the pages list but never draw are always dropped (unused_xobjects). discard: Remove Hidden Information categories (metadata, attachments, comments, form-fields, hidden-text, hidden-layers, bookmarks, links-actions-scripts, private-data). Signed documents are refused. The open document is unchanged.")
+        t("doc_optimize", "Optimize PDF", "Write an optimized copy to `path` (Acrobat's PDF Optimizer). preset: standard (default; Reduce File Size's choices) or mobile (images to 96 ppi above 144, JPEG high quality); the options below change it. compatibility: retain (default; keeps the document's version, or 1.5 when object streams are written), 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7 or 2.0. merge_fragments (default true) first puts a page picture drawn as many stacked image strips (as some PDF printers write it) back together into one image, so it can be resampled (merged_images, fragments_merged). color / gray: { downsample, ppi, above_ppi, compression: jpeg|zip|retain, quality 1–100 } (defaults: downsample to 150 ppi above 225, JPEG 60). Images are measured where pages draw them and replaced only when smaller. discard_*: thumbnails (default true), alternate_images (true), tags, print_settings; flate_unencoded (true); object_streams (default true; always off for 1.4); lzw_to_flate (true) decodes LZW streams and stores them with Flate instead, leaving any it cannot decode unchanged (lzw_streams counts the streams converted); remove_invalid_links and remove_unreferenced_dests (true); images and forms the pages list but never draw are always dropped (unused_xobjects). discard: Remove Hidden Information categories (metadata, attachments, comments, form-fields, hidden-text, hidden-layers, bookmarks, links-actions-scripts, private-data). Signed documents are refused. The open document is unchanged.")
             .cmd("optimize.advanced")
             .with(schema(
                 json!({
@@ -1392,6 +1392,7 @@ pub fn tools() -> Vec<ToolDef> {
                     "discard_print_settings": { "type": "boolean" },
                     "flate_unencoded": { "type": "boolean" },
                     "object_streams": { "type": "boolean" },
+                    "lzw_to_flate": { "type": "boolean" },
                     "remove_invalid_links": { "type": "boolean" },
                     "remove_unreferenced_dests": { "type": "boolean" },
                     "discard": { "type": "array", "items": { "type": "string" } },
diff --git a/crates/automation/tests/it/automation.rs b/crates/automation/tests/it/automation.rs
index cadd3e262..7106ea87a 100644
--- a/crates/automation/tests/it/automation.rs
+++ b/crates/automation/tests/it/automation.rs
@@ -5784,6 +5784,56 @@ fn optimizing_through_tools() {
     assert!(matches!(a.call("doc_optimize", &json!({ "doc": doc, "path": "x.pdf", "discard": ["everything"] })), Err(ToolError::InvalidArgs(_))));
 }
 
+/// `data` as LZW with one 9-bit literal code per byte (clear-table first, EOD last): valid for
+/// fewer than 250 bytes, before the code width grows.
+fn lzw_literals(data: &[u8]) -> Vec<u8> {
+    let codes: Vec<u16> = std::iter::once(256).chain(data.iter().map(|&b| u16::from(b))).chain([257]).collect();
+    let bits: Vec<bool> = codes.iter().flat_map(|c| (0..9).rev().map(move |i| c >> i & 1 == 1)).collect();
+    bits.chunks(8).map(|byte| byte.iter().enumerate().fold(0u8, |acc, (i, &b)| acc | (u8::from(b) << (7 - i)))).collect()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lzw_streams_are_stored_with_flate_through_tools() {
+    use pdfcraft_cos::{Dict, Document, Object, SaveOptions, Stream, write_full};
+    let dir = workdir("optimize-lzw");
+    let ops = b"0.2 0.4 0.8 rg 72 72 200 100 re f 0 0 1 RG 72 300 m 400 500 l S".to_vec();
+    let mut doc = Document::new_empty();
+    let pages = doc.get(doc.root().unwrap()).as_dict().unwrap().reference(b"Pages").unwrap();
+    let lzw = Stream::from_raw(Dict::from_iter([(b"Filter".to_vec(), Object::name("LZWDecode"))]), lzw_literals(&ops));
+    assert_eq!(lzw.decoded_strict().unwrap(), ops);
+    let content = doc.add(Object::Stream(lzw));
+    let page = doc.add(Object::Dict(Dict::from_iter([
+        (b"Type".to_vec(), Object::name("Page")),
+        (b"Parent".to_vec(), Object::Ref(pages)),
+        (b"MediaBox".to_vec(), Object::Array(vec![0.into(), 0.into(), 612.into(), 792.into()])),
+        (b"Contents".to_vec(), Object::Ref(content)),
+    ])));
+    doc.update_dict(pages, |d| {
+        d.set(b"Kids".to_vec(), Object::Array(vec![Object::Ref(page)]));
+        d.set(b"Count".to_vec(), Object::Int(1));
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    std::fs::write(dir.join("lzw.pdf"), write_full(&doc, &SaveOptions::default()).unwrap()).unwrap();
+    let mut a = auto(&dir);
+    let doc = ok(&mut a, "doc_open", json!({ "path": "lzw.pdf" }))["doc"].as_u64().unwrap();
+    let filters = |name: &str| {
+        let saved = pdfcraft_cos::Document::open(std::sync::Arc::new(std::fs::read(dir.join(name)).unwrap())).unwrap();
+        let catalog = saved.get(saved.root().unwrap()).as_dict().cloned().unwrap();
+        let pages = saved.get(catalog.reference(b"Pages").unwrap()).as_dict().cloned().unwrap();
+        let page = saved.get(pages.get(b"Kids").and_then(|k| k.as_array()?.first()?.as_ref()).unwrap()).as_dict().cloned().unwrap();
+        match &*saved.get(page.reference(b"Contents").unwrap()) {
+            Object::Stream(s) => (s.dict.get(b"Filter").cloned(), s.decoded_strict().unwrap()),
+            _ => panic!("the page content is not a stream"),
+        }
+    };
+    let r = ok(&mut a, "doc_optimize", json!({ "doc": doc, "path": "flate.pdf" }));
+    assert_eq!(r["lzw_streams"].as_u64(), Some(1), "{r}");
+    assert_eq!(filters("flate.pdf"), (Some(Object::name("FlateDecode")), ops.clone()));
+    let off = ok(&mut a, "doc_optimize", json!({ "doc": doc, "path": "kept.pdf", "lzw_to_flate": false }));
+    assert_eq!(off["lzw_streams"].as_u64(), Some(0), "{off}");
+    assert_eq!(filters("kept.pdf"), (Some(Object::name("LZWDecode")), ops));
+}
+
 /// A one-page PDF whose page picture is drawn as `rows` grey images one pixel row high, 600 px
 /// wide on a 72 pt square (600 ppi), as some PDF printers write it.
 fn printed_in_strips(rows: usize) -> Vec<u8> {
diff --git a/crates/optimize/Cargo.toml b/crates/optimize/Cargo.toml
index 184ee9697..3b3bbac75 100644
--- a/crates/optimize/Cargo.toml
+++ b/crates/optimize/Cargo.toml
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ workspace = true
 
 [dependencies]
 pdfcraft-cos = { workspace = true }
+pdfcraft-filters = { workspace = true }
 pdfcraft-content = { workspace = true }
 pdfcraft-model = { workspace = true }
 pdfcraft-annot = { workspace = true }
diff --git a/crates/optimize/README.md b/crates/optimize/README.md
index 3d39eb666..d061d2cad 100644
--- a/crates/optimize/README.md
+++ b/crates/optimize/README.md
@@ -32,7 +32,11 @@ let report = optimize_with_progress(&mut doc, &settings, &mut |stage| keep_going
 - **Discard objects:** thumbnails, alternate images, document tags, print settings.
 - **Clean up:** Flate for streams with no filter; for streams with an outer ASCII85 or ASCIIHex
   layer, that layer is removed when the result is smaller (the inner filters keep their encoded
-  bytes). Streams with `/DecodeParms`, images and object streams are left alone.
+  bytes; streams with `/DecodeParms`, images and object streams keep their ASCII layer. LZW-compressed
+  streams, content and images alike, are decoded and stored with Flate instead (Acrobat's "In
+  streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead"): a predictor carries over to Flate without
+  `EarlyChange`, filters applied before the LZW one go with it and those after it keep their
+  bytes. A stream whose LZW data doesn't decode cleanly is left as it is. Not yet: inline images.
 
 The engine runs Remove Hidden Information (`pdfcraft-redact`) for the user-data categories,
 then this, then merges identical objects and writes a full, compressed save
diff --git a/crates/optimize/src/lib.rs b/crates/optimize/src/lib.rs
index 917787e2c..e2bc2cf50 100644
--- a/crates/optimize/src/lib.rs
+++ b/crates/optimize/src/lib.rs
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 //!   print settings.
 //! - **Clean up:** drop images and forms that pages list but never draw (such as a deleted
 //!   image); Flate-compress streams that have no filter; remove a redundant outer ASCII85 or
-//!   ASCIIHex layer from streams that have one.
+//!   ASCIIHex layer from streams that have one; store LZW-compressed streams with Flate instead.
 //!
 //! Metadata, attachments, comments, scripts, private data, hidden layers, bookmarks and form
 //! fields are discarded by `pdfcraft-redact`'s Remove Hidden Information, which the engine
@@ -30,7 +30,8 @@ mod unused;
 
 pub use audit::{SpaceCategory, SpaceUse, audit_space};
 
-use pdfcraft_cos::{Document, ObjRef, Object, Stream, serialize};
+use pdfcraft_cos::{Dict, Document, MAX_PAGE_DECODED, ObjRef, Object, Stream, serialize};
+use pdfcraft_filters::{Filter, Params};
 
 pub use images::effective_resolutions;
 
@@ -155,6 +156,8 @@ pub struct Settings {
     /// Clean Up: pack non-stream objects into compressed object streams with a cross-reference
     /// stream (PDF 1.5+, §7.5.7–7.5.8). Always off when `compatibility` is [`Compatibility::Pdf1_4`].
     pub object_streams: bool,
+    /// Clean Up: decode LZW-compressed streams and store them with Flate instead.
+    pub lzw_to_flate: bool,
     /// Clean Up: remove links (and bookmark destinations) that point nowhere.
     pub remove_invalid_links: bool,
     /// Clean Up: remove named destinations nothing refers to.
@@ -183,6 +186,7 @@ impl Default for Settings {
             discard_print_settings: false,
             flate_unencoded: true,
             object_streams: true,
+            lzw_to_flate: true,
             remove_invalid_links: true,
             remove_unreferenced_dests: true,
         }
@@ -243,6 +247,8 @@ pub struct Report {
     pub tags_removed: bool,
     pub print_settings: usize,
     pub streams_compressed: usize,
+    /// Streams whose LZW compression was replaced with Flate (Clean Up).
+    pub lzw_streams: usize,
     /// Links removed and bookmarks whose destination was cleared (Clean Up).
     pub invalid_links: usize,
     pub invalid_bookmarks: usize,
@@ -375,6 +381,19 @@ pub fn optimize_with_progress(doc: &mut Document, settings: &Settings, progress:
     if settings.remove_unreferenced_dests {
         report.unreferenced_dests = links::remove_unreferenced_dests(doc)?;
     }
+    // Before the unencoded-stream pass, which would otherwise take the ASCII layer off an
+    // `[/ASCII85Decode /LZWDecode]` stream first and count it twice.
+    if settings.lzw_to_flate {
+        for num in doc.object_numbers() {
+            let r = ObjRef { num, generation: doc.generation(num) };
+            let obj = doc.get(r);
+            let Object::Stream(s) = &*obj else { continue };
+            if let Some(replacement) = lzw_to_flate(s, MAX_LZW_DECODED) {
+                doc.set(r, Object::Stream(replacement));
+                report.lzw_streams += 1;
+            }
+        }
+    }
     if settings.flate_unencoded {
         for num in doc.object_numbers() {
             let r = ObjRef { num, generation: doc.generation(num) };
@@ -401,6 +420,101 @@ pub fn optimize_with_progress(doc: &mut Document, settings: &Settings, progress:
     Ok(report)
 }
 
+/// Largest decoded LZW stream converted, as for a page's content: the data and its check are
+/// held together, so a few hundred kilobytes of hostile LZW can't ask for gigabytes.
+const MAX_LZW_DECODED: usize = MAX_PAGE_DECODED;
+
+/// `s` with its LZW compression replaced by Flate (Acrobat's "In streams that use LZW encoding,
+/// use Flate instead"). The filters up to the last LZW one are decoded, strictly and with its
+/// predictor; the result is Flate-encoded under the same predictor, without `EarlyChange`, and
+/// the filters after it keep their encoded bytes. A stream that doesn't decode cleanly, or
+/// whose filters or parameters can't be read for certain, or that decodes past `max` bytes, is
+/// left as it is.
+fn lzw_to_flate(s: &Stream, max: usize) -> Option<Stream> {
+    // An external file's data isn't in `raw`; cross-reference and object streams are rewritten
+    // on save, so converting them would change nothing in the file.
+    if s.dict.contains(b"F") || matches!(s.dict.name(b"Type"), Some(b"XRef" | b"ObjStm")) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let names: Vec<&[u8]> = match s.dict.get(b"Filter")? {
+        Object::Name(n) => vec![n.as_slice()],
+        Object::Array(a) => a.iter().map(Object::as_name).collect::<Option<_>>()?,
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    // `/Crypt` was applied when the object was loaded, and dropping it would change how the
+    // stream is encrypted.
+    if names.contains(&&b"Crypt"[..]) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let lzw = names.iter().rposition(|n| matches!(*n, b"LZWDecode" | b"LZW"))?;
+    // One entry per filter, each a dictionary or null; anything else (an indirect reference, an
+    // array of the wrong length) would be read as defaults, so the data might not decode as
+    // written.
+    let parms: Vec<Option<&Dict>> = match s.dict.get(b"DecodeParms") {
+        None | Some(Object::Null) => vec![None; names.len()],
+        Some(Object::Dict(d)) if names.len() == 1 => vec![Some(d)],
+        Some(Object::Array(a)) if a.len() == names.len() => a
+            .iter()
+            .map(|p| match p {
+                Object::Dict(d) => Some(Some(d)),
+                Object::Null => Some(None),
+                _ => None,
+            })
+            .collect::<Option<_>>()?,
+        _ => return None,
+    };
+    let chain = s.filters();
+    let stages = chain.get(..=lzw)?;
+    let (_, params) = stages.last()?;
+    // The decoded stages' parameters must be direct integers: `filters` reads anything else (a
+    // reference, 12.5, a name) as the default, and the dictionary carried over would then
+    // describe the new data differently from how it was encoded.
+    let direct = |p: &Option<&Dict>| p.is_none_or(|d| d.iter().all(|(_, v)| matches!(v, Object::Int(_))));
+    if !parms.get(..=lzw)?.iter().all(direct) {
+        return None;
+    }
+    let data = pdfcraft_filters::decode(stages, &s.raw, max).ok()?;
+    let flate = Params { early_change: 1, ..params.clone() };
+    let raw = pdfcraft_filters::encode(&Filter::Flate, &flate, &data).ok()?;
+    // The predictor's encoder must give back exactly what its decoder read (a short last row,
+    // unusual parameters), or the stream would change. The limit counts a PNG predictor's tag
+    // bytes too, at most one per row of at least one byte.
+    if pdfcraft_filters::decode(&[(Filter::Flate, flate)], &raw, data.len().saturating_mul(2).saturating_add(1)).ok()? != data {
+        return None;
+    }
+    // Without a predictor the other parameters say nothing to Flate.
+    let first = parms.get(lzw).copied().flatten().filter(|_| params.predictor > 1).map(|d| {
+        let mut d = d.clone();
+        d.remove(b"EarlyChange");
+        Object::Dict(d)
+    });
+    let rest_names = names.get(lzw + 1..)?;
+    let rest_parms = parms.get(lzw + 1..)?;
+    let mut dict = s.dict.clone();
+    dict.remove(b"Length");
+    if rest_names.is_empty() {
+        dict.set(b"Filter".to_vec(), Object::name("FlateDecode"));
+        match first {
+            Some(p) => dict.set(b"DecodeParms".to_vec(), p),
+            None => {
+                dict.remove(b"DecodeParms");
+            }
+        }
+    } else {
+        let filters = std::iter::once(Object::name("FlateDecode")).chain(rest_names.iter().map(|n| Object::Name(n.to_vec())));
+        dict.set(b"Filter".to_vec(), Object::Array(filters.collect()));
+        let parms: Vec<Object> = std::iter::once(first.unwrap_or(Object::Null))
+            .chain(rest_parms.iter().map(|p| p.map_or(Object::Null, |d| Object::Dict(d.clone()))))
+            .collect();
+        if parms.iter().all(|p| matches!(p, Object::Null)) {
+            dict.remove(b"DecodeParms");
+        } else {
+            dict.set(b"DecodeParms".to_vec(), Object::Array(parms));
+        }
+    }
+    Some(Stream::from_raw(dict, raw))
+}
+
 /// `s` without its outer ASCII85 or ASCIIHex layer (`[/ASCII85Decode /FlateDecode]` becomes
 /// `[/FlateDecode]`), when that is smaller. Only the outer layer is decoded: strictly, and within
 /// the stored size, which ASCII text never falls below, so the inner encoded bytes stay exact.
@@ -431,3 +545,20 @@ fn stored_len(s: &Stream) -> Option<usize> {
     serialize(&Object::Dict(dict), &mut out);
     out.len().checked_add(s.raw.len())
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn an_lzw_stream_that_decodes_past_the_limit_is_left_as_it_is() {
+        let data = b"0 0 m 612 792 l S\n".repeat(64);
+        let raw = pdfcraft_filters::encode(&Filter::Lzw, &Params::default(), &data).unwrap();
+        let mut dict = Dict::new();
+        dict.set(b"Filter".to_vec(), Object::name("LZWDecode"));
+        let s = Stream::from_raw(dict, raw);
+        assert!(lzw_to_flate(&s, data.len() - 1).is_none());
+        let converted = lzw_to_flate(&s, data.len()).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(converted.decoded_strict().unwrap(), data);
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/optimize/tests/optimize.rs b/crates/optimize/tests/optimize.rs
index 581925150..8802ef351 100644
--- a/crates/optimize/tests/optimize.rs
+++ b/crates/optimize/tests/optimize.rs
@@ -3,6 +3,7 @@
 use std::sync::Arc;
 
 use pdfcraft_cos::{Dict, Document, ObjRef, Object, SaveOptions, Stream, write_full};
+use pdfcraft_filters::{Filter, Params};
 use pdfcraft_optimize::{
     Compatibility, Compression, ImageSettings, OptimizeError, Settings, SpaceCategory, audit_space, effective_resolutions, optimize,
 };
@@ -1280,3 +1281,214 @@ fn named_dest_keys(doc: &Document) -> Vec<Vec<u8>> {
     let arr = doc.resolve(tree.get(b"Names").unwrap()).as_array().cloned().unwrap();
     arr.chunks(2).filter_map(|c| doc.resolve(&c[0]).as_string().map(|s| s.bytes.clone())).collect()
 }
+
+/// Page content long enough for LZW codes to grow past 9 bits, where `EarlyChange` matters.
+fn lzw_ops() -> Vec<u8> {
+    (0..300).flat_map(|i| format!("{} {} m {} {} l S\n", i % 97, i * 7 % 389, i * 13 % 612, i * 31 % 792).into_bytes()).collect()
+}
+
+fn lzw(data: &[u8], params: &Params) -> Vec<u8> {
+    pdfcraft_filters::encode(&Filter::Lzw, params, data).unwrap()
+}
+
+/// `params` as a `/DecodeParms` dictionary, only the entries that differ from the defaults.
+fn decode_parms(p: &Params) -> Dict {
+    let mut d = Dict::new();
+    for (k, v, default) in [
+        (&b"Predictor"[..], p.predictor, 1),
+        (b"Colors", p.colors, 1),
+        (b"BitsPerComponent", p.bits_per_component, 8),
+        (b"Columns", p.columns, 1),
+        (b"EarlyChange", p.early_change, 1),
+    ] {
+        if v != default {
+            d.set(k.to_vec(), Object::Int(v));
+        }
+    }
+    d
+}
+
+/// A 64 × 48 RGB image, LZW-encoded with `params`.
+fn lzw_image(doc: &mut Document, params: &Params) -> (ObjRef, Vec<u8>) {
+    let (w, h) = (64u32, 48u32);
+    let px: Vec<u8> = (0..w * h).flat_map(|i| [(i % w * 4) as u8, (i / w * 5) as u8, ((i % w + i / w) * 2) as u8]).collect();
+    let mut d = Dict::new();
+    d.set(b"Type".to_vec(), Object::name("XObject"));
+    d.set(b"Subtype".to_vec(), Object::name("Image"));
+    d.set(b"Width".to_vec(), Object::Int(w.into()));
+    d.set(b"Height".to_vec(), Object::Int(h.into()));
+    d.set(b"BitsPerComponent".to_vec(), Object::Int(8));
+    d.set(b"ColorSpace".to_vec(), Object::name("DeviceRGB"));
+    d.set(b"Filter".to_vec(), Object::name("LZWDecode"));
+    d.set(b"DecodeParms".to_vec(), Object::Dict(decode_parms(params)));
+    (doc.add(Object::Stream(Stream::from_raw(d, lzw(&px, params)))), px)
+}
+
+/// Settings that leave images to the clean-up: no resampling, no recompression.
+fn clean_up_only() -> Settings {
+    let keep = ImageSettings { downsample: false, compression: Compression::Retain, ..ImageSettings::REDUCE };
+    Settings { color: keep, gray: keep, ..Settings::default() }
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lzw_streams_become_flate_and_decode_to_the_same_bytes() {
+    let ops = lzw_ops();
+    let early = Params::default();
+    let late = Params { early_change: 0, ..Params::default() };
+    let png = Params { predictor: 15, colors: 3, columns: 64, ..Params::default() };
+    let png_late = Params { early_change: 0, ..png.clone() };
+    let mut doc = Document::new_empty();
+    let content = |doc: &mut Document, p: &Params| {
+        let mut d = Dict::new();
+        d.set(b"Filter".to_vec(), Object::name("LZWDecode"));
+        if *p != Params::default() {
+            d.set(b"DecodeParms".to_vec(), Object::Dict(decode_parms(p)));
+        }
+        doc.add(Object::Stream(Stream::from_raw(d, lzw(&ops, p))))
+    };
+    let c_early = content(&mut doc, &early);
+    let c_late = content(&mut doc, &late);
+    let (img, px) = lzw_image(&mut doc, &png);
+    let (img_late, _) = lzw_image(&mut doc, &png_late);
+    page(&mut doc, &[("Im", img), ("Im2", img_late)], "q 64 0 0 48 72 600 cm /Im Do Q q 64 0 0 48 172 600 cm /Im2 Do Q");
+    let pg = pdfcraft_annot::page_refs(&doc).unwrap()[0];
+    doc.update_dict(pg, |d| {
+        d.set(b"Contents".to_vec(), Object::Array(vec![Object::Ref(c_early), Object::Ref(c_late), d.get(b"Contents").unwrap().clone()]))
+    })
+    .unwrap();
+    // Each LZW stream reads as its own data before, so a decoder ignoring EarlyChange fails here.
+    assert_eq!((stream(&doc, c_early).decoded_strict().unwrap(), stream(&doc, c_late).decoded_strict().unwrap()), (ops.clone(), ops.clone()));
+    assert!(lzw(&ops, &early) != lzw(&ops, &late), "the two code widths differ on this data");
+
+    let r = optimize(&mut doc, &clean_up_only()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r.lzw_streams, 4, "{r:?}");
+    for (label, at, data) in
+        [("content", c_early, &ops), ("content, EarlyChange 0", c_late, &ops), ("image", img, &px), ("image, EarlyChange 0", img_late, &px)]
+    {
+        let after = stream(&doc, at);
+        assert_eq!(after.dict.get(b"Filter"), Some(&Object::name("FlateDecode")), "{label}");
+        assert_eq!(&after.decoded_strict().unwrap(), data, "{label}");
+        let parms = after.dict.get(b"DecodeParms").and_then(Object::as_dict);
+        assert!(parms.is_none_or(|p| !p.contains(b"EarlyChange")), "{label}: EarlyChange is LZW's alone");
+    }
+    // The image keeps its PNG predictor, now applied under Flate.
+    let parms = stream(&doc, img).dict.get(b"DecodeParms").and_then(Object::as_dict).cloned().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((parms.int(b"Predictor"), parms.int(b"Colors"), parms.int(b"Columns")), (Some(15), Some(3), Some(64)));
+    assert!(!stream(&doc, c_late).dict.contains(b"DecodeParms"), "nothing left to say for the content stream");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn a_page_drawn_from_lzw_streams_renders_the_same_after_conversion() {
+    let png = Params { predictor: 12, colors: 3, columns: 64, early_change: 0, ..Params::default() };
+    let mut doc = Document::new_empty();
+    let (img, _) = lzw_image(&mut doc, &png);
+    let pg = page(&mut doc, &[("Im", img)], "");
+    let ops = b"0.2 0.5 0.8 rg 36 36 300 200 re f q 256 0 0 192 72 400 cm /Im Do Q\n".repeat(4);
+    let mut d = Dict::new();
+    d.set(b"Filter".to_vec(), Object::name("LZWDecode"));
+    d.set(b"DecodeParms".to_vec(), Object::Dict(decode_parms(&Params { early_change: 0, ..Params::default() })));
+    let c = doc.add(Object::Stream(Stream::from_raw(d, lzw(&ops, &Params { early_change: 0, ..Params::default() }))));
+    doc.update_dict(pg, |p| p.set(b"Contents".to_vec(), Object::Ref(c))).unwrap();
+    let render = |doc: &Document| {
+        let bytes = write_full(doc, &SaveOptions::default()).unwrap();
+        let mut r = pdfcraft_render::PageRenderer::new(Arc::new(bytes), pdfcraft_render::RenderConfig::default());
+        let out = r.render(pdfcraft_render::RenderRequest { page: 0, scale: 1.0, ..Default::default() });
+        assert!(out.error.is_none(), "{:?}", out.error);
+        out.rgba
+    };
+    let before = render(&doc);
+    // The picture and the rectangle are drawn: the page is not blank.
+    assert!(before.chunks(4).any(|p| p[..3] != [255, 255, 255]));
+    let r = optimize(&mut doc, &clean_up_only()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r.lzw_streams, 2, "{r:?}");
+    assert_eq!(stream(&doc, c).dict.name(b"Filter"), Some(&b"FlateDecode"[..]));
+    assert!(render(&doc) == before, "the page renders pixel for pixel as before");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lzw_inside_a_filter_chain_is_replaced_and_the_other_stages_kept() {
+    let ops = lzw_ops();
+    let inner = lzw(&ops, &Params::default());
+    // An ASCII85 layer outside the LZW goes with it; a JPEG inside it stays encoded as it was.
+    let (mut doc, c) = with_content(filtered(&["ASCII85Decode", "LZWDecode"], ascii85(&inner)));
+    let photo = image(&mut doc, 40, 30, 3, true, None);
+    let jpeg = stream(&doc, photo).raw.to_vec();
+    let mut picture = filtered(&["LZWDecode", "DCTDecode"], lzw(&jpeg, &Params::default()));
+    picture.dict.set(b"DecodeParms".to_vec(), Object::Array(vec![Object::Null, Object::Null]));
+    let pic = doc.add(Object::Stream(picture));
+    // An ASCII85 layer over LZW with a PNG predictor: the predictor's parameters move to the one
+    // Flate filter left, without EarlyChange.
+    let rows: Vec<u8> = (0..40 * 30).map(|i| (i % 40 * 3 + i / 40) as u8).collect();
+    let png = Params { predictor: 12, columns: 40, early_change: 0, ..Params::default() };
+    let mut predicted = filtered(&["ASCII85Decode", "LZWDecode"], ascii85(&lzw(&rows, &png)));
+    predicted.dict.set(b"DecodeParms".to_vec(), Object::Array(vec![Object::Null, Object::Dict(decode_parms(&png))]));
+    let pred = doc.add(Object::Stream(predicted));
+    let r = optimize(&mut doc, &clean_up_only()).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(r.lzw_streams, 3, "{r:?}");
+    let after = stream(&doc, pred);
+    assert_eq!(after.dict.get(b"Filter"), Some(&Object::name("FlateDecode")));
+    let parms = after.dict.get(b"DecodeParms").and_then(Object::as_dict).cloned().unwrap();
+    assert_eq!((parms.int(b"Predictor"), parms.int(b"Columns"), parms.contains(b"EarlyChange")), (Some(12), Some(40), false));
+    assert_eq!(after.decoded_strict().unwrap(), rows);
+    let after = stream(&doc, c);
+    assert_eq!(after.dict.get(b"Filter"), Some(&Object::name("FlateDecode")));
+    assert_eq!(after.decoded_strict().unwrap(), ops);
+    let after = stream(&doc, pic);
+    assert_eq!(after.dict.get(b"Filter"), Some(&Object::Array(vec![Object::name("FlateDecode"), Object::name("DCTDecode")])));
+    assert!(!after.dict.contains(b"DecodeParms"), "all null: dropped");
+    let inside = pdfcraft_filters::decode(&[(Filter::Flate, Params::default())], &after.raw, 1 << 20).unwrap();
+    assert_eq!(inside, jpeg, "the JPEG bytes are kept exactly");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn lzw_streams_that_cannot_be_read_or_are_not_asked_for_stay_unchanged() {
+    let ops = lzw_ops();
+    let good = lzw(&ops, &Params::default());
+    // 9-bit codes 511 after a literal: past the table, corrupt.
+    let corrupt = vec![0x80, 0x0F, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF, 0xFF];
+    assert!(filtered(&["LZWDecode"], corrupt.clone()).decoded_strict().is_err());
+    let mut bad_predictor = filtered(&["LZWDecode"], good.clone());
+    let mut parms = Dict::new();
+    parms.set(b"Predictor".to_vec(), Object::Int(12));
+    parms.set(b"Columns".to_vec(), Object::Int(7));
+    bad_predictor.dict.set(b"DecodeParms".to_vec(), Object::Dict(parms));
+    let mut indirect_parms = filtered(&["LZWDecode"], good.clone());
+    indirect_parms.dict.set(b"DecodeParms".to_vec(), Object::Ref(ObjRef { num: 999, generation: 0 }));
+    // Columns the reader can't take as an integer: read as the default 1 here, so the data is
+    // predicted with one column and decodes, but a viewer resolving the value would use another.
+    let one_column = Params { predictor: 12, ..Params::default() };
+    let odd_columns = |columns: Object| {
+        let mut s = filtered(&["LZWDecode"], lzw(&ops, &one_column));
+        let mut parms = Dict::new();
+        parms.set(b"Predictor".to_vec(), Object::Int(12));
+        parms.set(b"Columns".to_vec(), columns);
+        s.dict.set(b"DecodeParms".to_vec(), Object::Dict(parms));
+        s
+    };
+    assert_eq!(odd_columns(Object::Real(12.5)).decoded_strict().unwrap(), ops, "read with one column");
+    let mut objstm = filtered(&["LZWDecode"], good.clone());
+    objstm.dict.set(b"Type".to_vec(), Object::name("ObjStm"));
+    let mut external = filtered(&["LZWDecode"], good.clone());
+    external.dict.set(b"F".to_vec(), Object::String(pdfcraft_cos::PdfString::literal(b"data.bin".to_vec())));
+    let cases = [
+        ("corrupt LZW", filtered(&["LZWDecode"], corrupt), Settings::default()),
+        ("corrupt under a PNG predictor", bad_predictor, Settings::default()),
+        ("indirect DecodeParms", indirect_parms, Settings::default()),
+        ("external file", external, Settings::default()),
+        ("object stream, rewritten on save", objstm, Settings::default()),
+        ("Columns by reference", odd_columns(Object::Ref(ObjRef { num: 9, generation: 0 })), Settings::default()),
+        ("Columns not an integer", odd_columns(Object::Real(12.5)), Settings::default()),
+        ("crypt filter", filtered(&["Crypt", "LZWDecode"], good.clone()), Settings::default()),
+        ("option off", filtered(&["LZWDecode"], good.clone()), Settings { lzw_to_flate: false, ..Settings::default() }),
+    ];
+    for (label, s, settings) in cases {
+        let (mut doc, c) = with_content(s.clone());
+        let r = optimize(&mut doc, &settings).unwrap();
+        assert_eq!(r.lzw_streams, 0, "{label}");
+        assert_eq!(stream(&doc, c), s, "{label}");
+    }
+    // The same data, readable and asked for, is converted: the cases above fail for their reason.
+    let (mut doc, c) = with_content(filtered(&["LZWDecode"], good));
+    assert_eq!(optimize(&mut doc, &Settings::default()).unwrap().lzw_streams, 1);
+    assert_eq!(stream(&doc, c).decoded_strict().unwrap(), ops);
+}
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ar.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ar.tsv
index 765bbba55..3b8e5c138 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ar.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ar.tsv
@@ -611,6 +611,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	تجاهل البيانات الخاصة بالتطبيقات الأخرى
 	Discard hidden text	تجاهل النص المخفي
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	استخدام Flate لترميز التدفقات غير المرمَّزة
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	في التدفقات التي تستخدم ترميز LZW، استخدام Flate بدلاً منه
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	إزالة الروابط والإشارات المرجعية غير الصالحة
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	إزالة الوجهات المسماة غير المشار إليها
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	ضغط بنية المستند (تدفقات الكائنات)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/bg.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/bg.tsv
index 9bb377a93..efa132ed3 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/bg.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/bg.tsv
@@ -282,6 +282,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Премахни частните данни на други приложения
 	Discard hidden text	Премахни скрития текст
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Кодирай с Flate некодираните потоци
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Кодирай с Flate потоците, кодирани с LZW
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Премахни невалидните връзки и отметки
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Премахни неизползваните именувани местоназначения
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Компресирай структурата на документа (потоци от обекти)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ca.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ca.tsv
index dd2f497b8..83962d0cb 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ca.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ca.tsv
@@ -574,6 +574,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Descarta les dades privades d'altres aplicacions
 	Discard hidden text	Descarta el text ocult
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Utilitza Flate per codificar els fluxos que no estan codificats
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Als fluxos que utilitzen codificació LZW, utilitza Flate
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Elimina els enllaços i marcadors no vàlids
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Elimina les destinacions amb nom sense referència
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Comprimeix l'estructura del document (fluxos d'objectes)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ckb.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ckb.tsv
index 804e7a97a..e290099f5 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ckb.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ckb.tsv
@@ -581,6 +581,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	فڕێدانی داتا تایبەتەکانی بەرنامەکانی تر
 	Discard hidden text	فڕێدانی دەقی شاراوە
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	بەکارهێنانی Flate بۆ کۆدکردنی ئەو لێشاوانەی کۆد نەکراون
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	بەکارهێنانی Flate لە جیاتی LZW بۆ ئەو لێشاوانەی بە LZW کۆد کراون
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	لابردنی بەستەر و دڵخوازە نادروستەکان
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	لابردنی مەبەستە ناونراوەکانی ئاماژەپێنەکراو
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	پەستاندنی پێکهاتەی بەڵگەنامە (لێشاوەکانی تەن)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/cs.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/cs.tsv
index 66cac29aa..ef380d623 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/cs.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/cs.tsv
@@ -692,6 +692,7 @@ key	Space	Mezerník
 	Discard private data of other applications	Zahodit soukromá data jiných aplikací
 	Discard hidden text	Zahodit skrytý text
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Kódovat nekódované proudy metodou Flate
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Proudy kódované LZW kódovat metodou Flate
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Odebrat neplatné odkazy a záložky
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Odebrat nepoužívané pojmenované cíle
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Komprimovat strukturu dokumentu (proudy objektů)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/de.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/de.tsv
index 76366d452..75c4b6274 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/de.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/de.tsv
@@ -584,6 +584,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Private Daten anderer Anwendungen verwerfen
 	Discard hidden text	Ausgeblendeten Text verwerfen
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Nicht codierte Streams mit Flate codieren
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	In LZW-codierten Streams stattdessen Flate verwenden
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Ungültige Links und Lesezeichen entfernen
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Nicht referenzierte benannte Ziele entfernen
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Dokumentstruktur komprimieren (Objekt-Streams)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/el.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/el.tsv
index 18464664a..7c8160901 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/el.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/el.tsv
@@ -1923,6 +1923,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Αφαίρεση ιδιωτικών δεδομένων άλλων εφαρμογών
 	Discard hidden text	Αφαίρεση κρυφού κειμένου
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Χρήση συμπίεσης Flate για ροές που δεν είναι συμπιεσμένες
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Χρήση Flate αντί για LZW στις ροές με κωδικοποίηση LZW
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Αφαίρεση μη έγκυρων συνδέσμων και σελιδοδεικτών
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Αφαίρεση ονομασμένων προορισμών χωρίς αναφορές
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Συμπίεση δομής εγγράφου (ροές αντικειμένων)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/es.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/es.tsv
index 73b0ffbf1..bfdb3b10f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/es.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/es.tsv
@@ -607,6 +607,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Descartar datos privados de otras aplicaciones
 	Discard hidden text	Descartar texto oculto
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Usar Flate para codificar las secuencias sin codificar
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	En las secuencias con codificación LZW, usar Flate en su lugar
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Quitar enlaces y marcadores no válidos
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Quitar destinos con nombre sin referencias
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Comprimir la estructura del documento (secuencias de objetos)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/fi.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/fi.tsv
index efcf3e3c6..2142dd98a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/fi.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/fi.tsv
@@ -574,6 +574,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Hylkää muiden sovellusten yksityiset tiedot
 	Discard hidden text	Hylkää piilotettu teksti
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Koodaa koodaamattomat virrat Flate-menetelmällä
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Koodaa LZW-koodatut virrat Flate-menetelmällä
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Poista virheelliset linkit ja kirjanmerkit
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Poista viittaamattomat nimetyt kohteet
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Pakkaa asiakirjan rakenne (objektivirrat)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/fr.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/fr.tsv
index ec6e59e56..82c17ed7d 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/fr.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/fr.tsv
@@ -584,6 +584,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Ignorer les données privées d'autres applications
 	Discard hidden text	Ignorer le texte masqué
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Utiliser Flate pour coder les flux qui ne sont pas codés
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Dans les flux qui utilisent le codage LZW, utiliser Flate à la place
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Retirer les liens et signets non valides
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Retirer les destinations nommées non référencées
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Compresser la structure du document (flux d'objets)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hi.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hi.tsv
index 7be5ec688..d81157c75 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hi.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hi.tsv
@@ -558,6 +558,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	अन्य ऐप्लिकेशन का निजी डेटा हटाएँ
 	Discard hidden text	छिपा हुआ टेक्स्ट हटाएँ
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	जो स्ट्रीम एन्कोडेड नहीं हैं उन्हें Flate से एन्कोड करें
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	LZW एन्कोडिंग वाली स्ट्रीम में इसके बजाय Flate का उपयोग करें
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	अमान्य लिंक और बुकमार्क हटाएँ
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	बिना संदर्भ वाले नामित गंतव्य हटाएँ
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	दस्तावेज़ संरचना संपीड़ित करें (ऑब्जेक्ट स्ट्रीम)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hu.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hu.tsv
index f1723629c..e8c45743b 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hu.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/hu.tsv
@@ -582,6 +582,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Más alkalmazások privát adatainak elvetése
 	Discard hidden text	Rejtett szöveg elvetése
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	A kódolatlan adatfolyamok Flate kódolása
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Az LZW kódolású adatfolyamok Flate kódolása
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Érvénytelen hivatkozások és könyvjelzők eltávolítása
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Hivatkozás nélküli elnevezett célok eltávolítása
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Dokumentumszerkezet tömörítése (objektumfolyamok)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/id.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/id.tsv
index 3585b344e..6e730763d 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/id.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/id.tsv
@@ -1219,6 +1219,7 @@
 	Update	Perbarui
 	Use 72 DPI (one point per pixel)	Gunakan 72 DPI (satu titik per piksel)
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Gunakan Flate untuk mengodekan stream yang belum dikodekan
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Pada stream yang memakai pengodean LZW, gunakan Flate sebagai gantinya
 	Use a Digital ID from a file	Gunakan ID Digital dari file
 	Use custom DPI	Gunakan DPI kustom
 	Use each image's embedded DPI; use 72 DPI when it is absent.	Gunakan DPI tertanam pada setiap gambar; gunakan 72 DPI jika tidak ada.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/it.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/it.tsv
index 0dc6bb087..1c941e6c4 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/it.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/it.tsv
@@ -608,6 +608,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Elimina dati privati di altre applicazioni
 	Discard hidden text	Elimina testo nascosto
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Usa Flate per codificare i flussi non codificati
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Nei flussi con codifica LZW, usa Flate
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Rimuovi collegamenti e segnalibri non validi
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Rimuovi destinazioni con nome non referenziate
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Comprimi struttura del documento (flussi di oggetti)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ja.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ja.tsv
index 963e8d364..ae6f48b81 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ja.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ja.tsv
@@ -611,6 +611,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	他のアプリケーションのプライベートデータを破棄
 	Discard hidden text	非表示テキストを破棄
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	未エンコードのストリームを Flate でエンコード
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	LZW エンコードのストリームを Flate でエンコード
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	無効なリンクとしおりを削除
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	参照されていない名前付き移動先を削除
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	文書構造を圧縮（オブジェクトストリーム）
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/kk.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/kk.tsv
index 311626f34..3c3f938b0 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/kk.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/kk.tsv
@@ -571,6 +571,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Басқа қосымшалардың жеке деректерін алып тастау
 	Discard hidden text	Жасырын мәтінді алып тастау
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Кодталмаған ағындарды Flate көмегімен кодтау
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	LZW кодталған ағындарда оның орнына Flate қолдану
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Жарамсыз сілтемелерді және бетбелгілерді алып тастау
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Сілтеме берілмеген атаулы межелерді алып тастау
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Құжат құрылымын сығу (нысан ағындары)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ko.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ko.tsv
index 48ef31e19..e754e5b28 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ko.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ko.tsv
@@ -558,6 +558,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	다른 응용 프로그램의 개인 데이터 삭제
 	Discard hidden text	숨겨진 텍스트 삭제
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	인코딩되지 않은 스트림을 Flate로 인코딩
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	LZW 인코딩 스트림을 Flate로 인코딩
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	잘못된 링크 및 책갈피 제거
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	참조되지 않은 이름이 지정된 대상 제거
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	문서 구조 압축(개체 스트림)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/lo.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/lo.tsv
index a8a9f6f64..66e1cbd7a 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/lo.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/lo.tsv
@@ -579,6 +579,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	ຕັດຂໍ້ມູນສ່ວນຕົວຂອງແອັບພລິເຄຊັນອື່ນອອກ
 	Discard hidden text	ຕັດຂໍ້ຄວາມທີ່ເຊື່ອງໄວ້ອອກ
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	ໃຊ້ Flate ເພື່ອເຂົ້າລະຫັດສະຕຣີມທີ່ຍັງບໍ່ໄດ້ເຂົ້າລະຫັດ
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	ໃຊ້ Flate ແທນ LZW ໃນສະຕຣີມທີ່ເຂົ້າລະຫັດດ້ວຍ LZW
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	ລຶບລິ້ງຄ໌ ແລະ ບຸກມາກທີ່ໃຊ້ການບໍ່ໄດ້
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	ລຶບຈຸດໝາຍປາຍທາງທີ່ມີຊື່ເຊິ່ງບໍ່ມີການອ້າງອີງ
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	ບີບອັດໂຄງສ້າງເອກະສານ (ສະຕຣີມວັດຖຸ)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/lt.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/lt.tsv
index e2476f196..88d3ae50f 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/lt.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/lt.tsv
@@ -1278,6 +1278,7 @@
 	Update	Atnaujinti
 	Use 72 DPI (one point per pixel)	Naudoti 72 DPI (vienas taškas vienam pikseliui)
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Nekoduotiems srautams koduoti naudoti „Flate“
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	LZW koduotiems srautams naudoti „Flate“
 	Use a Digital ID from a file	Naudoti faile esantį skaitmeninį ID
 	Use custom DPI	Naudoti pasirinktinį DPI
 	Use each image's embedded DPI; use 72 DPI when it is absent.	Naudoti paveikslėlyje įrašytą DPI; jei jo nėra, naudoti 72 DPI.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/nb.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/nb.tsv
index 27c1383ec..e8d4a02c7 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/nb.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/nb.tsv
@@ -1228,6 +1228,7 @@
 	Update	Oppdater
 	Use 72 DPI (one point per pixel)	Bruk 72 DPI (ett punkt per piksel)
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Bruk Flate til å kode strømmer som ikke er kodet
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Bruk Flate i stedet for LZW i strømmer som er LZW-kodet
 	Use a Digital ID from a file	Bruk en digital ID fra en fil
 	Use custom DPI	Bruk egendefinert DPI
 	Use each image's embedded DPI; use 72 DPI when it is absent.	Bruk hvert bildes innebygde DPI; bruk 72 DPI når den mangler.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pl.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pl.tsv
index 6836f3e0a..cf5ef5784 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pl.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pl.tsv
@@ -606,6 +606,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Usuń prywatne dane innych aplikacji
 	Discard hidden text	Usuń ukryty tekst
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Zakoduj nieskompresowane strumienie metodą Flate
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Zakoduj strumienie LZW metodą Flate
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Usuń nieprawidłowe łącza i zakładki
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Usuń nieużywane nazwane miejsca docelowe
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Kompresuj strukturę dokumentu (strumienie obiektów)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pt-br.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pt-br.tsv
index dcbebae95..55b1df669 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pt-br.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/pt-br.tsv
@@ -238,6 +238,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Descartar dados privados de outros aplicativos
 	Discard hidden text	Descartar texto oculto
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Usar Flate para codificar fluxos não codificados
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Em fluxos que usam codificação LZW, usar Flate
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Remover links e marcadores inválidos
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Remover destinos nomeados não referenciados
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Compactar estrutura do documento (fluxos de objetos)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ro.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ro.tsv
index 2bd680f91..02da8aad8 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ro.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ro.tsv
@@ -1228,6 +1228,7 @@
 	Update	Actualizare
 	Use 72 DPI (one point per pixel)	Folosire 72 DPI (un punct pe pixel)
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Folosire Flate pentru codarea fluxurilor necodate
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Folosire Flate în locul LZW pentru fluxurile codate LZW
 	Use a Digital ID from a file	Folosire ID digital dintr-un fișier
 	Use custom DPI	Folosire DPI personalizat
 	Use each image's embedded DPI; use 72 DPI when it is absent.	Folosește DPI-ul încorporat al fiecărei imagini; 72 DPI când lipsește.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ru.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ru.tsv
index 0dc40fdba..6d0daae24 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ru.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/ru.tsv
@@ -604,6 +604,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Удалить личные данные других приложений
 	Discard hidden text	Удалить скрытый текст
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Использовать Flate для кодирования некодированных потоков
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Использовать Flate вместо LZW в потоках с кодированием LZW
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Удалить недействительные ссылки и закладки
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Удалить неиспользуемые именованные места назначения
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Сжать структуру документа (потоки объектов)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sl.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sl.tsv
index f5e374ae7..6df01e98c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sl.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sl.tsv
@@ -1964,6 +1964,7 @@
 	Update watermark…	Posodobi vodni žig…
 	Use 72 DPI (one point per pixel)	Uporabi 72 DPI (ena točka na slikovno piko)
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Za kodiranje nekodiranih tokov uporabi Flate
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	V tokovih s kodiranjem LZW uporabi Flate
 	Use JavaScript	Uporabi JavaScript
 	Use a Digital ID from a file	Uporabi digitalno identiteto iz datoteke
 	Use a certificate	Uporabi potrdilo
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sq.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sq.tsv
index c93efee5a..896264c96 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sq.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/sq.tsv
@@ -1910,6 +1910,7 @@
 	Update watermark…	Përditëso filigranin…
 	Use 72 DPI (one point per pixel)	Përdor 72 DPI (një pikë për piksel)
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Përdor Flate për të koduar rrjedhat që nuk janë të koduara
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Në rrjedhat që përdorin kodimin LZW, përdor Flate në vend të tij
 	Use JavaScript	Përdor JavaScript
 	Use a Digital ID from a file	Përdor një ID dixhitale nga një skedar
 	Use a certificate	Përdor një certifikatë
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/te.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/te.tsv
index fa3f6cec4..b48c9b52c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/te.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/te.tsv
@@ -588,6 +588,7 @@ comment menu	Edit	సవరించు
 	Discard private data of other applications	ఇతర అప్లికేషన్‌ల ప్రైవేట్ డేటాను విస్మరించు
 	Discard hidden text	దాచిన టెక్స్ట్‌ను విస్మరించు
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	ఎన్‌కోడ్ చేయని స్ట్రీమ్‌లను Flateతో ఎన్‌కోడ్ చేయి
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	LZW ఎన్‌కోడింగ్ ఉన్న స్ట్రీమ్‌లలో బదులుగా Flate ఉపయోగించు
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	చెల్లని లింక్‌లు, బుక్‌మార్క్‌లను తీసివేయి
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	ఎక్కడా సూచించని పేరున్న గమ్యాలను తీసివేయి
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	పత్రం నిర్మాణాన్ని కుదించు (ఆబ్జెక్ట్ స్ట్రీమ్‌లు)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/th.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/th.tsv
index e56770757..a61546507 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/th.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/th.tsv
@@ -568,6 +568,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	ละทิ้งข้อมูลเฉพาะของแอปพลิเคชันอื่น
 	Discard hidden text	ละทิ้งข้อความที่ซ่อนอยู่
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	ใช้ Flate เข้ารหัสสตรีมที่ยังไม่ได้เข้ารหัส
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	ใช้ Flate แทนในสตรีมที่เข้ารหัสแบบ LZW
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	เอาลิงก์และบุ๊กมาร์กที่ใช้ไม่ได้ออก
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	เอาปลายทางที่มีชื่อซึ่งไม่ถูกอ้างถึงออก
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	บีบอัดโครงสร้างเอกสาร (object streams)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/tr.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/tr.tsv
index c292b8863..8be0c67aa 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/tr.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/tr.tsv
@@ -569,6 +569,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Diğer uygulamaların özel verilerini at
 	Discard hidden text	Gizli metni at
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Kodlanmamış akışları kodlamak için Flate kullan
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	LZW kodlamalı akışlarda bunun yerine Flate kullan
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Geçersiz bağlantıları ve yer işaretlerini kaldır
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Referans verilmeyen adlandırılmış hedefleri kaldır
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Belge yapısını sıkıştır (nesne akışları)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/uk.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/uk.tsv
index cc8f45765..f7cd48a1c 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/uk.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/uk.tsv
@@ -609,6 +609,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	Видалити приватні дані інших застосунків
 	Discard hidden text	Видалити прихований текст
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Кодувати незакодовані потоки за допомогою Flate
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Використовувати Flate замість LZW у потоках із кодуванням LZW
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	Видалити недійсні посилання й закладки
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	Видалити іменовані призначення без посилань
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	Стиснути структуру документа (потоки об’єктів)
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/vi.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/vi.tsv
index 87abe5129..f9f8026ea 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/vi.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/vi.tsv
@@ -1268,6 +1268,7 @@ theme	Appearance	Giao diện
 	Update	Cập nhật
 	Use 72 DPI (one point per pixel)	Dùng 72 DPI (một điểm cho mỗi điểm ảnh)
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	Dùng Flate để mã hóa các luồng chưa được mã hóa
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	Dùng Flate thay cho LZW trong các luồng mã hóa LZW
 	Use a Digital ID from a file	Dùng Digital ID từ một tệp
 	Use custom DPI	Dùng DPI tùy chỉnh
 	Use each image's embedded DPI; use 72 DPI when it is absent.	Dùng DPI nhúng của từng hình ảnh; dùng 72 DPI khi không có.
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hans.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hans.tsv
index 594f68df8..ce1f6fc55 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hans.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hans.tsv
@@ -288,6 +288,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	丢弃其他应用程序的私有数据
 	Discard hidden text	丢弃隐藏文本
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	使用 Flate 编码未编码的流
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	在使用 LZW 编码的流中改用 Flate
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	删除无效链接和书签
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	删除未引用的命名目标
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	压缩文档结构（对象流）
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hant.tsv b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hant.tsv
index cb578ba26..6828fb7c2 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hant.tsv
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/i18n/zh-hant.tsv
@@ -244,6 +244,7 @@
 	Discard private data of other applications	捨棄其他應用程式的私有資料
 	Discard hidden text	捨棄隱藏文字
 	Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded	使用 Flate 編碼未編碼的流
+	In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead	在使用 LZW 編碼的流中改用 Flate
 	Remove invalid links and bookmarks	刪除無效連結和書籤
 	Remove unreferenced named destinations	刪除未引用的命名目標
 	Compress document structure (object streams)	壓縮文件結構（物件流）
diff --git a/crates/ui-egui/src/optimize_ui.rs b/crates/ui-egui/src/optimize_ui.rs
index 9660b0a92..6662bf997 100644
--- a/crates/ui-egui/src/optimize_ui.rs
+++ b/crates/ui-egui/src/optimize_ui.rs
@@ -230,6 +230,7 @@ pub(crate) fn body(ui: &mut egui::Ui, d: &mut OptimizeDraft, t: &Tokens) -> (boo
         }
         OptimizeTab::CleanUp => {
             ui.add(widgets::checkbox(&mut s.flate_unencoded, tl!("Use Flate to encode streams that are not encoded")));
+            ui.add(widgets::checkbox(&mut s.lzw_to_flate, tl!("In streams that use LZW encoding, use Flate instead")));
             ui.add(widgets::checkbox(&mut s.remove_invalid_links, tl!("Remove invalid links and bookmarks")));
             ui.add(widgets::checkbox(&mut s.remove_unreferenced_dests, tl!("Remove unreferenced named destinations")));
             let mut object_streams = s.effective_object_streams();
diff --git a/parity/acrobat-features.toml b/parity/acrobat-features.toml
index 62fc5d84b..320c0963d 100644
--- a/parity/acrobat-features.toml
+++ b/parity/acrobat-features.toml
@@ -7589,8 +7589,8 @@ milestone = "M11"
 status = "partial"
 commands = ["optimize.advanced"]
 tools = ["doc_optimize"]
-evidence = ["crates/optimize/tests/optimize.rs::discards_and_clean_up"]
-notes = "unencoded streams; LZW not yet re-encoded"
+evidence = ["crates/optimize/tests/optimize.rs::discards_and_clean_up", "crates/optimize/tests/optimize.rs::lzw_streams_become_flate_and_decode_to_the_same_bytes", "crates/optimize/tests/optimize.rs::a_page_drawn_from_lzw_streams_renders_the_same_after_conversion"]
+notes = "Two Clean Up options, as in Acrobat: unencoded streams are Flate-compressed, and LZW streams (content and image XObjects; EarlyChange 0 and 1, with or without a predictor, LZW anywhere in a filter chain) are decoded and stored with Flate instead, keeping the predictor and the filters after the LZW one; LZW data that doesn't decode cleanly is left as it is. Not yet: LZW inline images inside content streams."
 
 [[feature]]
 id = "optimize.remove-invalid-links"