diff --git a/crates/render/src/renderer.rs b/crates/render/src/renderer.rs
index 84c5e5a8..c25f6bab 100644
--- a/crates/render/src/renderer.rs
+++ b/crates/render/src/renderer.rs
@@ -1125,12 +1125,15 @@ impl Renderer {
                 // see-through as its fill (none for an outline-only shape) …
                 None => {
                     if let Some(a) = fill_alpha {
-                        let mut filled = BezPath::new();
-                        for sp in geo.paths.iter().filter(|sp| sp.fill != FillMode::None) {
-                            filled.extend(sp.path.iter());
-                        }
                         ctx.set_paint(color(c.with_alpha(255), a));
-                        ctx.fill_path(&filled);
+                        // Each subpath under its own fill rule, as the shape itself is
+                        // drawn: one merged path filled NonZero fills the hole of an
+                        // even-odd shape (a donut, a frame) (#1596).
+                        for sp in geo.paths.iter().filter(|sp| sp.fill != FillMode::None) {
+                            ctx.set_fill_rule(if sp.even_odd { peniko::Fill::EvenOdd } else { peniko::Fill::NonZero });
+                            ctx.fill_path(&sp.path);
+                        }
+                        ctx.set_fill_rule(peniko::Fill::NonZero);
                     }
                 }
             }
@@ -1161,7 +1164,19 @@ impl Renderer {
             ctx.stroke_path(&silhouette);
             // A shape without a fill (an outline, a frame) glows along its line only (#225).
             if fill_alpha.is_some() || content.is_some() {
-                ctx.fill_path(&silhouette);
+                // Per subpath under its own fill rule, as in the shadow above: the
+                // merged silhouette filled NonZero fills an even-odd hole (#1596).
+                // When no subpath takes part the silhouette is the outline fallback.
+                let mut filled_any = false;
+                for sp in geo.paths.iter().filter(|sp| sp.fill != FillMode::None || fill.is_none()) {
+                    ctx.set_fill_rule(if sp.even_odd { peniko::Fill::EvenOdd } else { peniko::Fill::NonZero });
+                    ctx.fill_path(&sp.path);
+                    filled_any = true;
+                }
+                if !filled_any {
+                    ctx.fill_path(&silhouette);
+                }
+                ctx.set_fill_rule(peniko::Fill::NonZero);
             }
             ctx.pop_layer();
         }
@@ -1180,7 +1195,20 @@ impl Renderer {
                 }
                 None => {
                     if let Some(fl) = fill {
-                        paint::fill_path(ctx, rctx, fl, ph, &silhouette, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, w, h), mm, FillMode::Norm, 1.0, rctx.pres);
+                        // Per subpath under its own fill rule, as in the shadow above:
+                        // the merged silhouette filled NonZero fills an even-odd hole
+                        // (#1596). The outline fallback covers shapes with no
+                        // participating subpath.
+                        let mut filled_any = false;
+                        for sp in geo.paths.iter().filter(|sp| sp.fill != FillMode::None || fill.is_none()) {
+                            ctx.set_fill_rule(if sp.even_odd { peniko::Fill::EvenOdd } else { peniko::Fill::NonZero });
+                            paint::fill_path(ctx, rctx, fl, ph, &sp.path, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, w, h), mm, FillMode::Norm, 1.0, rctx.pres);
+                            filled_any = true;
+                        }
+                        if !filled_any {
+                            paint::fill_path(ctx, rctx, fl, ph, &silhouette, Rect::new(0.0, 0.0, w, h), mm, FillMode::Norm, 1.0, rctx.pres);
+                        }
+                        ctx.set_fill_rule(peniko::Fill::NonZero);
                     }
                 }
             }
diff --git a/crates/render/src/tests.rs b/crates/render/src/tests.rs
index f01ee1cf..2de2daab 100644
--- a/crates/render/src/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/render/src/tests.rs
@@ -515,6 +515,56 @@ fn glow_of_a_shape_with_no_fill_and_no_line_is_not_drawn() {
     }
 }
 
+#[test]
+fn shadow_and_glow_keep_an_even_odd_shapes_hole() {
+    // #1596: a donut is one even-odd subpath — its hole exists only under the
+    // even-odd rule. The effects were cast from a merged silhouette filled
+    // NonZero, so the shadow and the glow filled the hole solid. The hole's
+    // centre must stay the slide's white in both, while the effects still draw.
+    let donut = |effects: deckcraft_model::Effects| {
+        let mut sh = Shape {
+            id: ShapeId(612),
+            xfrm: Some(Xfrm::new(50.0, 50.0, 200.0, 200.0)),
+            geom: Geom::preset("donut"),
+            fill: Some(Fill::solid(ColorRef::rgb(deckcraft_color::Rgba::rgb(255, 160, 0)))),
+            ..Default::default()
+        };
+        sh.effects = Some(effects);
+        render_slide(&deck_with(vec![sh]), 0, &RenderOpts { scale: 1.0, ..Default::default() })
+    };
+    let img = donut(deckcraft_model::Effects {
+        outer_shadow: Some(deckcraft_model::style::Shadow {
+            color: ColorRef::rgb(deckcraft_color::Rgba::BLACK),
+            blur: 8.0,
+            dist: 0.0,
+            dir: 45.0,
+            inner: false,
+            sx: 1.0,
+            sy: 1.0,
+            kx: 0.0,
+            ky: 0.0,
+            align: String::new(),
+            rotate_with_shape: false,
+        }),
+        ..Default::default()
+    });
+    let hole = img.pixel(150, 150);
+    assert!(hole[0] > 245 && hole[1] > 245 && hole[2] > 245, "shadow in the hole: {hole:?}");
+    // The shadow still falls around the shape (just below its bottom edge).
+    let below = img.pixel(150, 251);
+    assert!(below[0] < 200 && below[0] == below[2], "no shadow below: {below:?}");
+
+    let img = donut(deckcraft_model::Effects {
+        glow: Some(deckcraft_model::style::Glow { color: ColorRef::rgb(deckcraft_color::Rgba::rgb(255, 0, 0)), radius: 8.0 }),
+        ..Default::default()
+    });
+    let hole = img.pixel(150, 150);
+    assert!(hole[0] > 245 && hole[1] > 245 && hole[2] > 245, "glow in the hole: {hole:?}");
+    // The ring itself is the shape's orange.
+    let ring = img.pixel(150, 75);
+    assert!(ring[0] > 200 && ring[1] > 100 && ring[2] < 100, "ring: {ring:?}");
+}
+
 #[test]
 fn placeholder_prompts_only_in_edit_view() {
     let p = Presentation::default();